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ELECTRIC  LIGHTING 


SPECIFICATIONS. 


FOR  THE  USE  OF 

ENGINEERS  AND  ARCHITECTS. 


BY 


The  W.  J.  JOHNSTON  CO.,  Ltd. 
167-176  Times  Building. 

1892. 


COPYRIGHTED,  1892,  BY 
THE  W.  J.  JOHNSTON  COMPANY,  Ld. 


CZ/.ZZL 

TP/tt* 


PAGE. 


Introduction  - 13 

Working  Outline  - 27 

SPECIFICATIONS. 

Warning  -----  33 

PREAMBLE. 

Bids 34 

Bond  ------  34 

Contractor  - - - - 34 

Commencement  and  Completion  of  Work  35 

Damages  ------  35 

GENERAL  SPECIFICATION. 

Duties  of  Contractors  - - - 36 

Work,  Labor,  and  Materials  - - 37 

Additional,  Omitted,  or  Changed  Work  - 37 

Replacement  of  Defective  Material  - 37 

Patented  Apparatus  - - - - 37 

Special  Devices  - 37 

Safeguards  and  Debris  - - 38 

Plans  ------  38 


S v vo 


IV 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE. 


Tests  - - - - 38 

Inspection  -----  40 

Insurance  Rules  . - - - 40 

Acceptance  -----  40 

Terms  of  Payment  - - - - 41 


INSTALLATION  OF  DYNAMOS  AND  SWITCHBOARDS.  LOW 
POTENTIAL,  DIRECT  CURRENT  SYSTEM,  TWO-WIRE 
OR  THREE-WIRE. 


Dynamos  -----  42 

Foundations  - - - - 44 

Instruments  - - - - - 45 

Cables  to  Switchboard  - 45 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction  - - 46 

Renewal  Parts  - 47 

Summary  - - - - 47 

Switchboard  -----  48 

Switchboard  Apparatus  - - 49 

Connections  (concealed)  - 50 

Connections  (surface)  - - - - 50 

Circuits  - - - - - 51 


INCANDESCENT  SERIES  SYSTEM,  DYNAMOS  MEDIUM  OR 
HIGH  POTENTIAL,  (VARIABLE  OR  CONSTANT),  CUR- 
RENT DIRECT  OR  ALTERNATING. 


Dynamos  -----  52 

Foundations  -----  54 

Instruments  - - - - - 55 

Cables  to  Switchboard  - - - 56 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction  - - 56 

Renewal  Parts  - - - - 56 

Summary  - - - - 57 

Switchboard  -----  57 


CONTENTS. 


V 


PAGE. 

Switchboard  Apparatus  and  Connections  - 57 

Circuits  -----  58 

CONSTANT  POTENTIAL,  ALTERNATING  CURRENT  SYSTEM. 

Dynamos  ------  58 

Foundations  -----  60 

Instruments  - - - 60 

Converters  -----  61 

Cables  to  Switchboard  - - - - 62 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction  - - 62 

Renewal  Parts  - - - - 62 

Summary  -----  62 

Switchboard  -----  63 

Switchboard  Apparatus  and  Connections  - 63 

Circuits  ------  63 

ALTERNATING  CURRENT  OR  DIRECT  CURRENT  SYSTEM 
WITH  THE  PARALLEL  SYSTEM  OF  DISTRIBUTION. 

Dynamos  ------  64 

Foundations  -----  65 

Instruments  - - - - - 66 

Converters  -----  67 

Cables  to  Switchboard  - - - - 68 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction  - - 69 

Renewal  Parts  - - - - - 69 

Summary  - 69 

Switchboard  - 69 

Switchboard  and  Apparatus  Connections  - 69 

Circuits  ------  71 

ARC  SERIES  SYSTEM,  DIRECT  CURRENT. 

Dynamos  ------  71 

Foundations  -----  72 


VI 


CONTENTS. 


TAGE. 


Instruments 

- 

- 

72 

Cables  to  Switchboard 

- 

- 

73 

Arc  Lamps 

- 

- 

73 

Hanger  Boards 

- 

- 

73 

Hoods  - 

- 

- 

73 

Globes 

- 

- 

74 

Spark  Arresters  and  Nets 

- 

- 

74 

Carbons 

- 

- 

74 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction 

- 

- 

74 

Renewal  Parts 

- 

- 

74 

Summary 

- 

- 

74 

Switchboard  Complete 

- 

- 

74 

FIXTURES,  ETC. 

Fixtures  and  Shades 

_ 

_ 

75 

Lamps 

- 

- 

76 

Sockets  and  Receptacles 

- 

- 

76 

Meters 

- 

- 

76 

INTERIOR  WIRING.  ALTERNATING 

OR 

DIRECT 

cur- 

RENT,  TWO-WIRE  SYSTEM. 

Outlets  and  Lights 

- 

- 

77 

System 

- 

- 

77 

Variation  in  Pressure  - 

- 

- 

77 

Insulation  - 

- 

- 

77 

Insulation  Resistance  - 

- 

- 

78 

Subdivision  of  {££,}  ■ 

- 

- 

78 

Location  of  j Seders  [ 

- 

- 

78 

Mains 

- 

- 

79 

Taps  - 

- 

79 

Joints  - 

- 

- 

80 

CONTENTS.  Vii 

PAGE. 

Cut-out  and  Switch  Cabinets  - - 80 

Cut-outs  - 81 

Fuses  ------  81 

Switches  -----  81 

Fixture  Supports  - - 82 

Meter  Outlets  - 82 

Elevator  Lights  -----  82 

Molding  - - - - 82 

Additions  and  Deductions  - - - 83 

Instruction  - - - - - 83 

Hanging  of  Fixtures  - - - 83 

Wiring  and  Attaching  Sockets  to  Fixtures 

Already  in  Place  - - - 84 

Suspension  of  Sockets  and  Lamps  - - 84 

THREE-WIRE  SYSTEM. 

System  ------  85 

THREE-WIRE  SYSTEM  ADAPTED  TO  TWO-WIRE  SYSTEM. 

System  ------  85 

ARC  SYSTEM. 

Circuits  ------  86 

Insulation  of  Wire  - 86 

Insulation  Resistance  - - - 86 

Joints  ------  86 

Method  of  W iring  - - - - 86 

Suspension  of  Lamps  - 87 

CONDUIT  SYSTEM.  TWO-WIRE. 

Method  of  Wiring  - - - - 87 

Accessibility  -----  87 


Vlll 


CONTENTS. 


Page. 


Appliances  - - - - 88 

Placing  of  Conduits  - 88 

Outlets  and  Lights  - - - 88 

System  - 88 

Variation  in  Pressure  - - - 88 

Insulation  ------  88 

Insulation  Resistance  - - - 88 

Subdivision  of  j f;seedresrs  | - 89 

Location  of  j feeders  \ 89 

Mains  ------  89 

Taps  - - - - - 90 

Junction  Boxes  - 90 

Cut-outs  - - - 90 

Fuses  - - - . - - 91 

Switches  ------  91 

Fixture  Supports  - 91 

Sizes  of  Tubes  -----  91 

Clips  ------  91 

Joints  ------  91 

Elbow  Limitation  s - 91 

Outlets  ------  91 

Floor  Work  -----  92 

Separation  of  Wires  - - - 92 

Meter  Outlets  - 92 

Elevator  Lights  - - - - 92 

Additions  and  Deductions  - 92 

Instruction  - - - - 92 

Hanging  of  Fixtures  - - - 92 

Wiring  and  Attaching  Sockets  to  Fixtures 

already  in  place  - - - - 92 

Suspension  of  Sockets  and  Lamps  - - 92 

Three-wire  System  - - - 92 


CONTENTS. 


IX 


PAGE. 

Three-wire  System  adapted  to  the  Two-wire 

System  - - - - 93 

INTERIOR  WIRING  FOR  CENTRAL  STATION  PLANTS. 

Number  of  Lights  - - - - 93 

Fixtures  - - - - - 93 

Lamps  - - - - 93 

Sockets  - 93 

System  ------  93 

Variation  in  Pressure  - 93 

Insulation  - - - - - 93 

Character  of  the  Work  - 93 

Circuits  ------  94 

Cut-outs  and  Switches  - 94 

Meters  - - - 94 

Suspension  of  Lamps  - - 94 

Molding  ------  94 

Additions  and  Deductions  - 94 

Instruction  - - - - - 94 

Hanging  of  Fixtures  - - - 94 

Wiring  and  Attaching  Sockets  to  Fixtures 

already  in  place  - - - - 94 

POLE  LINES.  LOW  POTENTIAL — DIRECT  CURRENT  SYS- 
TEM— TWO  OR  THREE-WIRE. 

Franchises  and  Permits  - - - 95 

Division  of  Circuits  - - - - 95 

Points  of  Control  - - - - 95 

Poles  ------  96 

Setting  and  Guying  - 96 

Distances  - - - - - 96 

Painting  - 96 


X 


CONTENTS, 


PAGE. 


Gains  and  Cross-arms  - - - 96 

Pins  and  Insulators  - 97 

Steps  ------  97 

Soil  ------  97 

Wiring  ------  97 

Joints  ------  98 

Lightning  Arresters  - - - - 98 

Maximum  Fall  of  Potential  . - 98 

ALTERNATING  CURRENT  SYSTEM. 

Note  -----  99 

STREET  LIGHTING  CIRCUITS— ARC  OR  INCANDESCENT. 

Note  - - - . - - - 99 

Poles  - - - - - 99 

Gains  and  Cross-arms  - 99 

Steps  ------  ioo 

Suspension  of  Lamps  - - - 100 

Fixtures  (Incandescent)  - - - 100 

Fixtures  (Arc)  - 100 

Wiring  ------  101 

Point  of  Control  - 101 

Additions  and  Deductions  - - - 102 

Instruction  -----  102 

Schedules  - 102 

SPECIFICATION  FOR  STEAM  PLANT. 

Note  ------  108 

Engines  ------  108 

Fittings  -----  109 

Oil-filters  ^ 110 


CONTENTS.  Xi 

PAGE. 

Painting  - 110 

Foundations  - - - - -110 

Starting  Plant  and  Instruction  - - 111 

Belts Ill 

Renewal  Parts  - - - - 111 

Summary  - 112 

Counter-shaft  ....  112 

Pulleys  - - - - - - 113 

Foundations  - 113 

Boilers  - - - - - - 113 

Fittings  - 114 

Setting  - - • - - 114 

Smoke  Connections  - - - - 115 

Stack  ------  115 

Automatic  Stokers  - - - - 115 

Feed  Pumps  and  Injectors  - - - 115 

Feed-water  Heaters  and  Purifiers  - - 115 

Separators  -----  115 

Piping  -----  115 

Gauge  Board  -----  116 

Pipe  Covering  - - - - 116 

Painting  ------  117 

Renewal  Parts  - - - - 117 

Summary  - - - - - 117 

Rules  of  the  National  Electric  Light  Asso- 
ciation -----  ns 

Rules  of  the  National  Board  of  Fire  Under- 
writers 140 

Rules  of  the  New  England  Insurance  Ex- 
change - - - - 154 


The  following  “ Specifications”  are  intended 
as  outlines  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  speci- 
fications for  individual  installations.  They 
do  not  in  an  way  take  the  place  of  the  rules 
and  regulations  adopted  by  insurance  com- 
panies and  electric  light  associations,  but  on 
the  contrary  are  so  drawn  as  to  depend  al- 
most entirely  on  such  rules  for  the  details  of 
method ; such  rules  should  therefore  invaria- 
bly be  incorprated  as  provided  for  in  the 
General  Specificaton  under  “Inspection,” 
Sec.  17,  p.  40,  and  under  “Insurance  Rules,” 
Sec.  18,  p.  40. 

For  ready  reference  there  is  added  to  these 
specifications  the  latest  Rules  and  Regula- 
tions governing  electrical  installations  of 
the  National  Electric  Light  Association,  the 
National  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters,  and  the 
New  England  Insurance  Exchange.  These 
Rules  and  Regulations  being  practically 
standard  all  over  the  country  and  seldom 
changed  by  local  boards  except  in  detail  to 
cover  local  conditions  it  is  generally  safe  to 
specify  that  the  rules  of  the  local  board  or  of 
one  of  the  above  boards  shall  be  followed. 

It  is  not  expected  that  these  specifications 
will  be  followed  in  detail  or  without  elabora- 
tion for  all  classes  of  wor>y  and  if  so  followed 


14 


INTRODUCTION. 


will  lead  into  serious  error,  but  they  are  put 
out  with  the  hope  that  in  their  proper  use  con- 
structing engineers,  architects,  and  others 
called  upon  to  get  out  specifications  may  be 
relieved  of  much  of  the  petty  detail  accom- 
panying such  work,  which,  though  important, 
is  too  often  neglected  on  account  of  its  tedi- 
ousness and  the  time  it  consumes. 

In  fact,  the  conditions  under  which  electric 
light  plants  must  be  installed  to  meet  the 
varied  requirements  arising  from  the  diversity 
of  their  application  are  so  numerous  that 
many  of  them  it  is  impossible  even  to  mention 
in  a general  specification.  Though  it  is  ex- 
pected that  these  specifications  will  be  found 
sufficiently  full  and  explicit  for  some  of  the 
smaller  installations,  not  requiring  special  ap- 
pliances or  precautions,  in  the  majority  of  in- 
stances a careful  study  must  be  made,  for  rea- 
sons which  will  suggest  themselves,  of  the 
surrounding  conditions  and  limitations. 

In  a large  class  of  installations  no  small 
amount  of  judgment,  ability  and  ingenuity 
is  often  required  to  overcome  difficulties  met 
with,  to  adapt  the  material  at  hand  to  new 
purposes,  or  to  devise  new  methods  for  secur- 
ing unusual  results;  in  such  instances  espe- 
cial care  should  be  taken  in  the  details  of  the 
specifications  in  order  that  bidders  may  thor- 
oughly understand  all  the  requirements  and 
conditions,  thus  leaving  no  excuse  for  poor 
workmanship  or  materials  on  the  score  of  in- 
adequate information  from  which  to  make 


INTRODUCTION. 


15 


estimates,  an  excuse  that  too  often  has  a large 
foundation  on  fact.  Among  such  installa- 
tions may  be  named : 


Art  Galleries,  Museums,  etc. 
Asylums. 

Bleackeries. 

Breweries,  Distilleries,  etc. 
Chemical  Works  and  Labor- 
atories. 

Canning  Factories. 

Cold  Storage  Warehouses. 

Dye  Houses. 

Flour  and  similar  mills. 
Fabric  Mills. 

Finished  Residences. 


Hospitals. 

Hotels,  Apartment  Houses, etc. 
Mines,  Shafts,  Tunnels,  etc. 
Oil  Works. 

Paper  and  Pulp  Mills. 

Prisons  and  Penitentiaries. 
Packing  Houses. 

Slaughter  Houses. 

Tanneries. 

Theatres,  Concert  Halls,  etc 
Vessels. 

Etc.,  etc. 


As  an  example  of  the  extent  to  which  such 
study  and  analysis  should  be  carried  before 
making  a detailed  specification  let  us  take  the 
last  type  noted,  that  of  vessels.  Here  such 
various  requirements  and  conditions  imposed 
by  questions  of  safety,  reliability,  utility, 
economy,  or  aesthetic  effects  are  met  with 
that  almost  invariably  a particular  specifica- 
tion must  be  made  out  for  each  installation. 
For  whatsoever  purpose  the  plant  is  installed, 
however,  safety  and  reliability  should  be  the 
first  considerations.  On  account  of  the  disas- 
trous results  that  might  accompany  the  extin- 
guishment of  the  lights  on  shipboard  it  is  of 
the  utmost  importance  that  no  device  that 
can  increase  the  safety  and  reliability  of  the 
plant  shall  be  omitted,  and  that  the  utmost 
care  shall  be  exercised  in  every  part  of  the 
installation.  Economy  should  never  be  more 
than  a secondary  consideration. 


16 


INTRODUCTION* 


Nearly,  if  not  quite,  all  plants  installed  on 
shipboard  are  arc  plants  or  low-potential,  di- 
rect-current incandescent  plants.  The  former 
are,  for  the  most  part,  confined  to  small  ex- 
cursion boats,  river  barges,  scows,  dredges, 
etc.,  the  conditions  and  requirements  com- 
paratively simple,  and  the  specification  may 
be  made  up  from  the  general  form  for  arc 
plants.  For  incandescent  plants  on  similar 
boats  the  specification  is  equally  simple,  but 
for  the  larger  plants,  especially  on  sea-going 
vessels,  the  necessary  modifications  are  nu- 
merous and  important. 

A careful  study  should  be  made  of  the  pur- 
pose for  which  the  plant  is  installed ; the  ma- 
terial of  which  the  boat  is  built;  the  char- 
acter of  the  cargo;  the  class  of  passengers; 
the  length  of  voyages  or  trips ; temperatures 
and  vapors  to  which  the  apparatus  and  appli- 
ances will  be  exposed ; character  of  the  power ; 
limitations  of  speed,  weight,  space,  etc. ; 
method  of  connecting  engines  with  dynamos ; 
duplication  of  parts  for  renewals,  repairs  or 
extensions  ; magnetic  effects;  location  of1 
switches  and  cut  outs;  location  and  manipu- 
lation of  search  lights  or  projectors,  flash 
lights,  signal  lights,  etc. ; motors ; and  any 
special  devices  that  may  be  operated  from  the 
dynamo  circuits.  There  should  be  supplied 
with  the  dynamos  a complete  set  of  vvrenches, 
screw-drivers,  pliers,  oil  cups,  oil  cans,  drip 
pans,  guard  rails,  extra  brushes,  bearings, 
and  such  other  tools  and  appurtenances  of  the 


INTRODUCTION  17 

most  approved  kind  as  are  necessary  in  their 
operation,  care,  and  maintenance.  There 
should  be  furnished  in  addition  to  the  ordi- 
nary regulating  apparatus  a tachometer,  or 
speed  indicator,  an  efficient  apparatus  for 
testing  insulation,  and  at  least  one  portable 
voltmeter  and  ampere  meter  of  known  accu- 
racy and  reliability.  Compound  wound  or 
automatically  regulated  dynamos  are  in  gen- 
eral preferable  to  shunt  wound  and  hand 
regulated  dynamos. 

The  switchboard  should  be  so  arranged 
that  any  circuit  or  circuits  may  be  attached 
to  any  dynamo;  that  dynamos  may  be  opera- 
ted separately  or  in  parallel ; that  any  dynamo 
may  be  added  to  cr  taken  from  the  circuit 
quickly  and  without  disturbing  the  operation 
of  the  remaining  dynamos  in  circuit,  or  caus- 
ing any  change  in  the  lights. 

Special  attention  should  be  paid  to  the  char- 
acter of  the  insulation.  Climatic  and  tempera- 
ture effects  should  be  considered.  The  dyna- 
mos, all  wires,  fixtures,  metal  junction  boxes, 
switches,  receptacles,  and  other  apparatus  or 
appliances  carrying  current,  should  be  care- 
fully insulated  from  the  ship.  All  junction 
boxes,  switches,  conductors,  and  entrances  to 
fixtures  should  be  water-tight.  Wires  should 
pass  through  bulkheads  and  decks,  junction 
boxes,  etc.,  in  water-tight  stuffing  boxes. 
Where  necessary,  lamps  and  sockets  should 
be  inclosed  in  waterproof  globes.  All  cut-outs, 
switches,  etc.,  should  be  of  moisture  proof, 


18 


INTRODUCTION. 


incombustible  material.  Joints  will  prove  a 
source  of  trouble  unless  made  with  extreme 
care.  Sockets,  binding  screws,  switches,  re- 
ceptacles, shade  holders,  etc.,  must  be  protect- 
ed from  corrosion.  Circuits  should  be  so 
arranged  that  no  part  of  the  vessel  will  be  in 
darkness  through  the  failure  of  a single  cir- 
cuit. The  wire  should  be  figured  with  an 
ample  margin  in  carrying  capacity.  The  size, 
character,  and  position  of  search  lights  and 
projectors  will  be  determined  by  local  con- 
ditions. Permanent  signal  lights  should  be 
provided  with  a duplicate  light,  which  is  auto- 
matically switched  into  circuit  when  the  first 
lamp  fails  and  gives  a signal  calling  attention 
to  the  failure  of  one  lamp  Where  necessary, 
springs  should  be  provided  to  guard  lamps  or 
fixtures  from  injurious  shocks.  Lamps  should 
be  adapted  to  the  purpose  for  which  they  are 
to  be  used  both  as  regards  candle  power  and 
economy.  In  the  selection  of  measuring  instru- 
ments such  as  voltmeters  and  ammeters  not 
only  must  the  effect  of  the  rolling  and  pitch- 
ing of  the  vessel  be  considered,  but  also  the 
magnetic  effect  of  the  iron  and  steel  used  in 
the  construction  of  the  vessel  and  the  prox- 
imity of  large  masses  of  iron  and  steel  in 
engines,  shafting,  etc.  Cut-outs  and  switches 
should  be  plainly  labeled  with  the  location  of 
the  circuit  and  number  of  lamps.  Lights  to 
be  controlled  by  passengers  should  be  pro- 
vided with  a card  containing  printed  instruc- 
tions concerning  their  use. 


INTRODUCTION. 


19 


From  an  analysis  of  this  general  character 
a complete  specification  may  be  made  up,  the 
purposes,  conditions  and  limitations  of  the 
installation  being  known. 


In  any  specification  calling  for  an  insula- 
tion for  a particular  purpose,  a careful  dis- 
tinction should  be  made  between  so-called 
“weather  proof,”  “moisture  proof,”  and  “rub- 
ber covered”  insulations,  bearing  in  mind  the 
seemingly  paradoxical  fact  that  a “weather 
proof”  wire  is  not  necessarily  a “moisture 
proof”  wire,  nor  a “moisture  proof”  wire 
always  the  best  wire  for  a wet  place,  and  that 
conditions  will  be  met  demanding  a high 
grade  of  insulation  where  a bare  wire  will 
give  better  satisfaction  than  the  best  “rubber 
covered  and  braided”  wire  on  the  market. 


In  the  determination  of  the  number  and 
sizes  of  dynamos,  reference  should  be  had  to 
the  maximum  number  of  lamps  that  will  be 
lighted  at  one  time,  the  length  of  time  of  maxi- 
mum load,  the  length  of  time  of  light  load, 
the  day  load,  possibilities  of  extension,  etc.: 
the  sizes  of  the  units  being  such  as  to  have  as 
near  the  maximum  load  as  possible  on  the 
dynamos  when  operating,  and  the  least  pos- 
sible amount  of  idle  machinery,  allowance 
being  made  for  possible  breakdowns  and 
similar  contingencies.  The  question  of  varia- 
tion in  load  must  be  determined  largely  from 


20 


INTRODUCTION. 


experience  with  the  given  class  of  installation 
and  one’s  judgment. 

A question  that  too  seldom  receives  the 
attention  its  importance  demands  is  the  ques- 
tion of  the  allowable  variation  in  pressure  or 
maximum  difference  of  potential,  especially 
in  large  isolated  plants,  between  the  centre 
of  distribution  and  the  farthest  lamp  in  the 
installation.  No  fixed  or  arbitrary  rule  can  be 
laid  down,  but  each  case  must  be  considered 
by  itself.  The  loss  should  be  based  not  so 
much  on  the  total  number  of  lamps  wired  for 
as  upon  the  maximum  number  that  will  be  in 
use  at  any  one  time,  upon  the  distances  be- 
tween groups  of  lamps  rather  than  the  total 
distance  from  the  centre  of  distribution  to  the 
farthest  lamp  on  any  circuit,  and  upon  the 
usual  variation  in  load  rather  than  extreme 
variations ; the  object  should  be  primarily  to 
obtain  a minimum  variation  in  the  candle 
power  of  the  lamps,  and  though  this  is  at 
tained  by  allowing  but  a small  percentage  of 
loss  between  the  centre  of  distribution  and 
the  farthest  lamp,  yet  for  all  practical  pur- 
poses the  same  result  may  often  be  gained 
with  a larger  percentage  of  loss  provided  it 
be  given  the  proper  distribution.  For  example, 
the  distribution  of  losses  is  evidently  entirely 
different  in  a theatre  from  the  distribution  in 
an  office  building  for  the  same  limits  of  varia- 
tion in  the  candle-power  when  operating  under 
the  normal  conditions  of  variation  in  load. 


INTRODUCTION. 


21 


There  is  50  per  cent,  more  copper  in  a circuit 
figured  with  2 per  cent,  loss  than  in  the  same 
circuit  figured  with  3 per  cent,  loss,  and  the 
question  of  which  is  ultimately  the  greater 
economy  is  by  no  means  an  easy  one  to 
answer.  This  question  comes  with  peculiar 
force  when  considering  the  method  of  wiring, 
whether  it  shall  be  two-wire  fifty-volt,  two- 
wire  one-hundred-volt,  three-wire  one-hun- 
dred-volt,  or  a system  so  designed  that  any 
given  combination  of  the  above  systems  can 
be  used  with  a limiting  maximum  loss  for  the 
system  using  the  largest  current  and  the  low- 
est voltage.  A very  careful  analysis  should 
therefore  be  made  both  of  the  conditions  at 
the  time  of  the  installation  and  of  conditions 
that  are  likely  to  arise  in  the  more  or  less 
remote  future  which  will  influence  the  char- 
acter of  the  system  to  be  adopted. 

In  this  connection  it  may  not  be  out  of  place 
to  mention  two  methods  of  wiring  which  may 
be  used  where  economy  as  well  as  adaptation 
to  surroundings  is  a necessity,  but  which  for 
various  reasons  have  not  been  very  exten- 
sively used.  If  it  is  desirable  to  wire  for  a 100- 
volt  system  and  yet  necessary  to  connect  with 
an  alternating  system,  reducing  to  50  volts, 
the  system  may  be  adapted  to  the  wiring  by 
installing  converters  in  pairs  and  connecting 
their  secondaries  in  series.  If  it  is  desirable 
to  operate  a direct  current  system  where  the 
cost  of  copper  becomes  excessive  on  account 
of  distances  or  other  limiting  conditions, 


INTRODUCTION. 


22 

this  item  of  expense,  as  well  as  the  accom- 
panying expenses  in  pole  line  and  labor,  can 
be  very  materially  reduced  by  using  the 
double  three-wire  system  with  a 250-volt  dyna- 
mo and  two  lamps  in  series  on  either  side  of 
the  system. 

Of  paramount  importance  to  bidders  esti- 
mating on  wiring  contracts,  and  to  the  con- 
tractor who  secures  the  contract,  are  accurate 
plans  showing  in  detail  the  locations  of  the 
various  elements  of  the  installation.  A strictly 
accurate  and  reliable  estimate  cannot  be  made 
without  plans  drawn  to  scale  and  having  the 
exact  location  of  each  fixture,  switch,  and 
meter  outlet,  together  with  that  of  the  dyna- 
mo if  there  be  one,  the  switchboard  and  the 
risers,  or  feeders.  In  a large  installation  with 
a small  percentage  of  loss,  a difference  of  50 
feet  in  the  position  of  the  switchboard  may 
entirely  alter  the  location  of  the  risers,  or  of 
the  distribution  boxes,  or  increase  or  diminish 
the  cost  of  the  installation  by  several  hun- 
dreds of  dollars.  A single  example  will  illus- 
trate this:  figure  tSje  cost,  including  wire, 
conduit,  and  labor,  of  a riser  100  feet  in 
length,  feeding  1,000  50-volt  16-c.  p.  lamps 
uniformly  distributed  along  its  length,  on  the 
basis  of  using  a conduit  system,  the  best 
grade  of  rubber  covered  and  braided  stranded 
wire,  with  a maximum  loss  of  2 per  cent,  on 
the  50-volt  system ; remove  the  switchboard 
50  feet,  making  the  length  of  the  riser  150  feet 


INTRODUCTION. 


23 


with  the  1,000  lights  along  the  farther  100 
feet,  and  figure  the  cost  by  the  same  method ; 
the  difference  between  the  two  figures  graphic- 
ally represents  the  necessity  of  carefully 
selecting  the  centre  of  distribution  and  loca- 
tion of  the  risers,  and  of  knowing  their  exact 
position  before  making  an  estimate. 

Of  no  less  importance  is  the  position  of  all 
outlets  and  the  number  of  lights  per  outlet, 
since  this  determines  the  number  of  circuits, 
the  lengths  and  sizes  of  tap  lines,  the  method 
of  running  the  circuits,  the  number  of  cut- 
outs, and  the  amount  of  labor  involved.  The 
location  of  the  switch  and  meter  outlets  with 
reference  to  the  number  and  position  of  the 
lights  they  control  is  necessary  for  the  same 
reason.  Outlets,  especially  side  outlets, 
should  be  located  as  far  as  possible  by  actual 
dimensions  in  feet  and  inches  from  floors, 
ceilings  or  walls;  it  is  only  necessary  in  some 
cases  to  specify  that  all  outlets  shall  be  wired 
to,  leaving  the  dimensional  location  of  the 
outlet  to  the  gasfitter,  but  with  the  rapid 
increase  of  buildings  fitted  for  the  electric 
light  only,  with  its  more  frequent  adaptation 
to  architectural  and  aesthetic  effects,  and  the 
thousand  and  one  purposes  and  places  from 
which  other  forms  of  illuminant  are  excluded, 
the  contractor  is  compelled  in  an  increasing 
number  of  cases  to  rely  upon  detailed  plans 
showing  their  exact  location  and  to  work  to 
scale.  Several  methods  will  suggest  them- 


24 


INTRODUCTION. 


selves  for  denoting  the  number  of  lights  for  a 
given  outlet ; a convenient  way  is  to  locate 
the  outlet  with  a circle  and  denote  the  num- 
ber of  lights  by  a figure  within  the  circle, 

thus  (IT)  is  a five-light  outlet.  To  distinguish 

side  from  ceiling  outlets,  a straight  line  may 
be  drawn  from  the  circle  to  the  wall  to  denote 


the  former,  thus  (j2 J is  a two-light  side  outlet. 
For  switches  and  meters  the  letters  S and  M 

are  similarly  inclosed,  thus  ( S)  (M).  Another 

method  used  is  to  indicate  the  gas  outlets  by 
a simple  circle  while  the  number  of  electric 
lights  at  the  same  outlet  is  denoted  by  the 
number  of  lines  terminating  in  the  circle, 


thus  -6-  is  a three-light  ceiling  outlet,  -O-  is 
a two-light  side  outlet,  the  third  line  drawn  to 
the  wall  designating  it  as  a side  outlet. 

The  exact  position  of  outlets  may  usually  be 
located  on  the  plans,  but  in  certain  cases  it  is 
also  advisable  to  add  explanatory  notes  to  the 
specification,  especially  if  the  lights  are  to  be 
worked  into  architectural  or  decorative  de- 
signs. 

To  avoid  complication  and  the  confusing  of 
circuits  with  partition  and  other  lines,  it  is 
often  more  satisfactory  to  designate  in  the 
specification,  rather  than  on  the  plans,  the 
outlets  each  switch  and  meter  is  to  control. 


INTRODUCTION. 


25 


Distribution  boxes  should  be  located  in  the 
same  manner  as  switches  and  meters. 

If  the  locations  of  the  vertical  risers  are 
determined  by  other  than  the  contractor,  they 
also  should  be  plainly  indicated. 

In  case  the  installation  is  intended  to  be 
connected  both  to  dynamos  in  the  building 
and  to  an  external  source  of  supply,  this  fact 
should  be  taken  into  consideration  in  the  loca- 
tion of  the  centre  of  distribution  and  of  the 
risers;  where  the  outside  mains  enter  the 
building  overhead  it  is  sometimes  advisable 
from  considerations  of  economy  or  conven- 
ience to  have  a second  centre  of  distribution 
located  with  reference  to  this  external  source 
of  supply. 

No  attempt  has  been  made  throughout  the 
specifications  to  lay  down  ironclad  rules  or 
to  volunteer  technical  information.  It  is  fairly 
assumed  that  no  one  will  attempt  to  make  out 
a definite  and  detailed  specification  who  is 
not  himself  competent  to  determine  for  any 
installation  under  consideration  the  best 
methods  and  system  to  be  adopted,  and  the 
kind  and  quality  of  materials  and  workman- 
ship required  by  its  purposes  or  by  local  con- 
ditions. These  few  preliminary  notes  are 
intended  merely  as  suggestions  to  call  to  mind 
points  that,  through  their  very  simplicity,  or 
obscurity,  might  escape  attention,  but  yet  are 
deserving  of  consideration. 


rtARY 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING 


SPECIFICATIONS. 


Tne  outline  given  below  is  one  that  I have 
often  found  convenient  for  use  in  checking  a 
specification,  or  for  reference  in  outlining  the 
points  to  be  taken  up  in  detail  in  making  up  a 
specification. 

In  those  cases  where  a formal  specification 
is  not  required,  as  sometimes  occurs  in  the 
case  of  a preliminary  specification  or  a specifi- 
cation for  a small  isolated  plant  or  wiring 
job,  the  necessary  data  for  estimates  and  bids 
can  often  be  easily  and  rapidly  dictated,  item 
by  item,  as  suggested  by  these  headings, 
with  little  liability  of  making  any  important 
omissions. 


Plant  to 
c o 111  - 
prise  ? 


' Dynamos  and  erection. 
Switchboard. 

. 1 
| Fixtures. 

Pole  line. 

I Engines  and  erection. 

^ Boilers  and  erection. 


Working 

Outline. 


28 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


System  ? 


Direct  current. 
Alternating  current. 
Constant  current. 
Constant  potential. 
High  potential. 

| Two  wire  parallel. 

“ “ “ series. 

I Three  wire  parallel 
| “ series. 

L Combination. 

1 Direct  current  and  con- 
Arc.  -j  stant  current  or  con- 

( stant  potential. 

Combination  of  arc  and  incandescent. 


r Number. 

Capacity  in  volts  and  amperes. 
Series. 

Shunt 

Compound. 

Self-excited. 

Separately  excited. 

Hand  regulated. 

Automatically  regulated. 
Connected  directly  or  by  belt. 
Dynamos  ? 1 Foundation. 


Regulating 

instruments. 


Regulators  ) ““omatio. 

Amperemeters. 

Voltmeters. 

Galvanometers. 

Indicators. 

Shunts. 

Equalizers. 
Compensators. 
Impedance  coils. 


Renewal  parts. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


29 


Wires  to 
switch- 
boards ? 


Switch- 
boards ? 


f Insulation. 

Wires  to  be 
run. 

[ Capacity. 


f On  insulators. 
| Under  cleats. 

] In  molding. 

| Concealed. 

I In  conduit. 


Number. 

Material. 

Size. 

Design. 

j To  be  wired  how. 

See  dynamo  regulating  instruments. 
Lightning  arresters. 

Ground  detectors. 

Testing  sets. 

f fpiug- 

Snap. 


Instru- 

ments. 


Switches. 


Single  pole. 
• Double  “ 
Three  wire. 


Knife. 

Automatic. 
Breakdown, 
i Throwover. 
Dynamo  changing. 
Circuit  changing. 
Short  circuiting. 

[ Reversing,  etc. 


t Single  pole,  i Fusible. 
Cut-outs.  } Double  “ -J  Automatic. 
L [_  ( Three  wire.  ( Magnetic. 


30 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Interior 

wiring? 


Number  of  circuits. 

t Lamp. 

Number  of  outlets.  J Switch. 

( Meter. 

Number  of  lights,  j ^descent. 
Insulation. 

Insulation  resistance. 

f Under  cleats. 

| In  molding. 

Method  of  wiring.  \ On  insulators. 

| Concealed. 

[ ’n  conduits. 
Variation  in  pressure. 

Cut-outs. 

Switches. 

Cabinets,  junction  boxes,  etc. 

( Number. 

Meters.  -<  Kind. 

( Capacity. 

„ , ( Number. 

Converters.  j Capaeity. 


Sockets  and 
receptacles  ? 


f Number. 
I Key. 

! Keyless. 


Base. 


Finish. 


I 


[ Waterproof. 


Porcelain. 
Wood,  etc. 

| Plain. 

-!  Polished. 

( Plated,  etc. 


Incandescent. 


Lamps? 


Arc. 


Number. 

Voltage  or  amperage. 

Candle  power. 

( Plain. 

Kind.  } Frosted. 

I Colored,  etc. 

> Number. 

! Candle  power. 

Single  carbon. 

I Double  “ 

\ Triple 

| Seven-hour,  single  mechanism. 
Fourteen-liour,  “ “ 

Plain  or  ornamental. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


31 


Incandescent. 


Fixtures  ? 


Arc. 


r 

i 


f Number. 

Interior.  } Kind. 

( Finish, 
f Hoods. 

| Reflectors, 
j Brackets. 

Exterior.  | Cross-suspension  fix- 
tures. 

[ Waterproof  globes. 

Hoods. 


r Plain. 

Opal. 

Globes.  Ground. 

Half-ground. 
Colored,  etc. 
Spark  arresters. 

Nets. 

Hanger  boards. 

Circuit  cut-outs. 
Outriggers. 

Pole  tops. 

Mast  arms. 

Posts. 

Lowering  devices0 


Number  of  circuits. 
Number  of  street  lamps. 
Insulation. 

Poles. 

Pole  line  ? -j  Cross  arms. 

j Pins  and  insulators. 
Steps. 

Line  lightning  arresters. 
Fall  of  potential. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


Engines  ? 


f Number. 

f Horizontal. 
it*  a j Vertical. 
Kind,  j jjigh  speed. 

( Low  speed. 
Horse  power. 
Fittings. 
Foundations. 

Belts. 

Renewal  parts. 


’ Number 

( Return  tubular. 
Kind.  -J  Water  tube. 

( Vertical,  etc. 
Boilers?  -j  Horse  power. 

Fittings. 

I Setting. 

| Tools. 

[ Renewal  parts. 


Stack. 

Pumps  and  injectors. 

Heaters  and  purifiers. 

Separators. 

Piping. 

Shafting  and  pulleys. 

Date  of  commencement  and  completion. 
Date  of  starting  plant. 

Inspections. 

Tests. 

Terms  of  payment. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


33 


SPECIFICATIONS  for  the  installation 

OF  ELECTRIC 

lighting  plant  at  


Parties  making  bids  for  any  portion  of  the  2.  warning, 
work  contemplated  under  these  specifications 
(and  plans)  must  familiarize  themselves  there- 
with both  as  regards  that  portion  of  the  work 
covered  by  their  bid  and  such  other  work  as 
must  be  carried  on,  or  is  intended  to  operate 
in  conjunction  therewith,  in  order  that  the 
true  spirit  and  intent  of  these  specifications 
(and  plans)  may  be  fulfilled.  In  case  these 
specifications  (and  plans)  are  in  any  part  de- 
ficient or  not  clearly  expressed,  the  parties 
making  bids  shall  apply  to for  the  re- 

quired information  before  such  bids  are  sub- 
mitted, as  no  changes  will  be  allowed  in  speci- 
fications (or  plans)  after  the  contract  is  award- 
ed except  under  the  conditions  named  in  arti- 
cle “Additional,  Omitted  or  Changed  Work.” 

It  must  be  understood  and  agreed  that  these 
specifications  (and  plans)  shall  be  fulfilled  in 
their  true  spirit  and  intent,  and  that  any 
apparatus  or  appliances  essential  to  the  proper 
and  convenient  operation  of  the  system  shall 
be  supplied  and  installed  without  extra  charge 
even  though  not  specifically  called  for. 


34 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


3.  Bids. 


d.  Bond. 


5.  Contractor. 


PREAMBLE. 

Parties  bidding  shall  state  specifically  .-just 
what  part  of  these  specifications  their  bid 
covers. 

A complete  and  correct  copy  of  these  speci- 
fications shall  be  attached  to  each  bid  sub- 
mitted. 

All  bids  must  be  submitted  on  or  before 


The  right  is  reserved  to  reject  any  or  all 
bids. 

No  bid  will  be  considered  unless  accompa- 
nied by  a certified  check  in  the  sum  of , 

payable  to , said  check  to  be  forfeited 

if  the  successful  bidder  shall  fail  to  deposit 
with within days  after  the  accept- 

ance of  his  bid  the  bond  required  under  these 
specifications.  The  checks  of  unsuccessful 

bidders  will  be  returned  to  them  within — 

days  from  date  of  opening  bids. 

Successful  bidders  will  be  required  to  fur- 
nish an  approved  bond  within days  after 

the  acceptance  of  their  bid  in  the  sum  of 

to  faithfully  commence,  carry  on,  and 

complete  their  work  in  every  respect  accord- 
ing to  the  true  spirit  and  intent  of  these  speci- 
fications. 

The  word  “ contractor”  as  herein  used  refers 
to  the  party  or  parties  whose  bid  or  bids  for 
the  whole  or  any  part  of  the  work  contem- 
plated under  these  specifications  have  been 
accepted. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


35 


Contractors  under  these  specifications  shall 
commence  work  on  dates  to  be  assigned, 
notice  to  be  given  of  such  dates  not  less  than 

days  in  advance.  All  work  shall  proceed 

as  rapidly  as  is  consistent  with  thoroughness 
and  good  workmanship,  and  shall  be  com- 
pleted in  the  following  times: 

Installation  of  dynamos  and  apparatus 
within days  after  assigned  date  of  com- 

mencement. 

Installation  of  wiring  and  wiring  devices 
within days  after  assigned  date  of  com- 

mencement. 

Erection  of  pole  line  and  wire  within 

days  after  assigned  date  of  commencement. 

Installation  of  fixtures  and  dependent  work 
within days  after  assigned  date  of  com- 

mencement. 

Installation  of  steam  plant  complete  within 
days  after  assigned  date  of  commence- 
ment. 

But  delays  due  to  strikes,  riots,  or  accidents 
beyond  the  control  of  contractors  shall  be 
added  to  the  time  stipulated  above  for  the 
completion  of  the  work,  provided  application 
is  made  in  writing  by  the  contractor  at  the 
time  such  delay  occurs,  giving  its  nature  and 
extent,  such  application  to  be  subject  to  the 
approval  of . 


6.  Commence- 
ment and 
Completion  of 
Work. 


If  any  contractor  shall  fail  to  complete  his  t.  Damages, 
work  in  the  time  stipulated  above,  including 
time  lost  through  unavoidable  delays  if  such 


36 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


8.  Duties  of 
Contractors. 


time  has  been  approved,  there  shall  be  de- 
ducted as  liquidated  damages  from  the  con- 
tract price  the  sum  of per  day  for  each 

and  every  day  the  work  remains  uncompleted 
after  the  date  set  as  above. 


GENERAL  SPECIFICATION. 

Each  contractor  shall  personally  or  through 
an  authorized  and  competent  representative 
constantly  supervise  the  work  from  its  begin- 
ning to  its  completion  and  acceptance. 

He  shall  furnish  all  transportation,  labor, 
apparatus,  and  materials  necessary  for  per- 
forming his  work  according  to  the  true  spirit 
and  intent  of  these  specifications  (and  plans). 

He  shall  obtain  all  necessary  permits  and 
licenses  for  temporary  obstructions,  etc. 

He  shall  at  all  times,  until  its  completion 
and  final  acceptance,  protect  his  work,  appa- 
ratus and  materials  from  accidental  damage 
by  other  contractors  or  otherwise,  making 
good  any  damage  thus  occurring  at  his  own 
expense;  also  making  good  any  injury  done 
the  building  in  the  performance  of  his  work. 

He  shall  be  responsible  for  all  accidents 
resulting  through  his  work. 

(The  purchaser)  agrees  to  afford  the  con- 
tractor all  possible  facilities  to  enable  the 
work  to  proceed  without  interruption  from 
beginning  to  end,  and  to  make  good  any  loss 
which  the  contractor  suffers  in  consequence 
of  delay  on  the  part  of  said  (purchaser). 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


37 


All  work  contemplated  under  these  specifi- 
cations shall  be  executed  in  a workmanlike 
and  substantial  manner ; no  patched  or  slov- 
enly work  will  be  allowed. 

The  labor  shall  be  thoroughly  competent 
and  skillful  in  its  line. 

Materials  shall  be  of  the  highest  grade 
unless  specifically  stated  otherwise. 

Additional  work  will  be  allowed  only  on  the 
written  order  of  (the  purchaser). 

Specified  work  shall  be  omitted  or  changed 
only  by  written  agreement  between  the  con- 
tracting parties. 

The  addition  or  rebate  for  such  added,  omit- 
ted, or  changed  work  shall  be  as  mutually 
agreed  upon,  the  amount  to  be  stipulated  in 
the  order  or  agreement. 

The  contractor  shall  make  good  for  a period 

of days  after  the  final  acceptance  of  the 

work  all  defects  which  develop  on  account  of 
defective  work  or  material. 

All  patented  apparatus  and  material  must 
be  furnished  by  the  contractor  under  guaran- 
tee against  loss  through  suits,  royalties,  or 
claims  of  any  kind  whatsoever,  and  that  any 
loss  or  damage  to  (purchaser)  through  such 
suits  or  claims  will  be  made  good  by  said  con- 
tractor. 

Every  bidder  is  expected  to  include  in  his 
proposal  not  only  everything  called  for  in 


9.  V>  ork. 
Labor  and 
Materials. 


10.  Additional, 
Omitted  or 
Changed 
Work. 


11.  Replace- 
ment of 
Defective 
Material. 


12.  Patented 
A pparatua. 


13.  Special 
Devices. 


38 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


14.  Safeguards 
and  Debris. 


15.  Plans. 


these  specifications,  but  also  any  special 
devices  or  methods  peculiar  to  his  system 
which  will  add  to  the  safety,  completeness,  or 
efficiency  of  the  plant,  stating  clearly  the 
advantages  to  be  derived  from  their  use. 


Contractors  must  provide  all  necessary  safe- 
guards from  accidents  to  persons  or  property ; 
must  keep  all  passages,  entrances,  sidewalks, 
etc.,  free  from  debris  and  incumbrances;  and 
on  the  completion  of  the  work  must  remove 
from  the  premises  all  surplus  material  of 
every  kind  and  description. 


All  plans  and  detailed  drawings  necessary 
to  show  the  scope  and  character  of  the  work 
contemplated  under  these  specifications  will 

be  furnished  by  the  -j  architect  [ as  required. 

Figured  dimensions  and  detailed  drawings 
are  in  all  cases  to  be  followed  in  preference 
to  scaled  dimensions.  The  interpretation  of 
all  plans  and  drawings  shall  rest  with  the 

I ardihect  [ and  *n  case  any  doubt  arises  as 

to  their  interpretation  or  correctness,  work 
shall  be  discontinued  until  such  doubt  is 
removed,  or  if  continued  it  shall  be  at  the  risk 
of  the  contractor. 


16.  Tests. 


(Note. — The  character  and  extent  of  the 
tests,  especially  the  final  tests,  must  be  deter- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


39 


mined  for  the  most  part  by  a consideration  of 
each  individual  case.  The  purpose  for  which 
the  plant  is  installed,  unusual  conditions  to 
which  any  part  may  be  subjected,  necessary 
delays  occurring  during  the  process  of  con- 
struction, relation  of  one  part  of  the  installa- 
tion to  another,  time  intervening  between  the 
completion  of  the  plant  and  its  active  opera- 
tion, operation  before  completion  and  like 
considerations  should  be  given  careful  atten- 
tion). 

All  work  shall  be  regularly  and  systematic- 
ally tested  while  in  process  of  construction 
and  any  defects  found  shall  be  immediately 
remedied. 

The  final  tests  shall  be  made  in  the  presence 

of  the  | architect  f or  rePresentative,  and 

the  right  is  reserved  by  (the  purchaser)  in  case 
any  doubt  arises  as  to  the  fulfillment  of  the 
true  spirit  and  intent  of  the  specifications,  to 
demand  a test  by  expert  engineers  selected  as 
is  usual  in  matters  of  arbitration,  whose  decis- 
ion shall  be  final  on  all  disputed  points,  the 
expense  of  such  test  to  be  borne  equally  by 
both  parties  unless  the  apparatus  or  material 
shall  prove  defective,  in  which  case  the  con- 
tractor shall  bear  the  expense,  and  shall  also 
remedy  the  defects.  He  shall  also  be  liable 
for  any  damage  or  loss  to  (the  purchaser) 
resulting  from  conditions  incident  to  the 
remedying  of  such  defects. 


40 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


n.  inspection.  During  its  progress  the  work  shall  be  sub- 
ject to  the  inspection  of  the  -j  architect  | or 

his  representative,  and  of  the 

j Board  of  Fire  Underwriters.  ) 

} Board  of  Inspectors.  f 

On  its  completion  a 

j Board  of  Fire  Underwriters  ) , , 

I Board  of  Inspectors  f certificate 

shall  be  furnished  (the  purchaser)  by  the  con- 
tractor stating  that  all  the  insurance  rules 
and  regulations  under  which  the  work  was 
done  have  been  complied  with.  All  costs  of 
such  inspection  to  be  borne  by  the  contractor. 

18'  Rules1006  AH  work  shall  be  done  in  accordance  with 
the  rules  and  regulations  of . 

i9.  Accept-  (Note. — The  same  considerations  that  deter- 

anee.  v 

mine  the  character  of  the  tests  will  also  enter 
largely  into  the  conditions  of  the  acceptance.) 

(The  purchaser)  will  assume  no  liability  nor 
responsibility  for  any  part  of  the  installation 
until  formally  accepted  in  writing. 

No  part  of  the  installation  will  be  accepted 
until  (the  purchaser)  is  satisfied  that  it  fully 
complies  with  the  spirit  and  intent  of  the 
specifications. 

The  acceptance  of  any  portion  of  the  work 
shall  not  be  construed  as  a final  acceptance, 
and  the  failure  of  any  part  to  perform  its 
proper  function  shall  be  sufficient  ground  for 
the  rejection  of  the  whole. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


41 


The  final  acceptance  shall  be  given  only 
after  the  completion  of  the  work  contem- 
plated under  the  specifications  according  to 
their  true  spirit  and  intent,  and  after  the  final 
tests  as  specified.  Such  acceptance,  however, 
shall  not  prejudice  any  claim  which  (the  pur- 
chaser) may  have  for  the  replacement  of  de- 
fective material  for  the  time  specified. 

The  date  of  the  completion  of  the  final  tests 
shall  be  taken  as  the  date  of  such  final  accept- 
ance, provided  such  tests  prove  satisfactory. 

(To  conform  to  individual  cases.)  20.  Terms  of 

v 7 Payment. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


42 


INSTALLATION  OF  DYNAMOS  AND  SWITCHBOARDS. 

Low  Potential,  Direct  Current  System,  Two- 
Wire  or  Three -Wire. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  unless 
otherwise  specified,  erect  the  following  appa- 
ratus and  material: 

21.  Dynamos.  direct  current,  constant  potential  dy- 

namo(s)  (each)  having  a normal  capacity  of 

amperes  at volts. 

The(se)  dynamo(s)  shall  be 

) shunt  wound,  compound  wound  or  pro- ) 
vided  with  an  efficient  automatic  regu-  > 
lator ; ) 

of  the  latest  and  most  efficient  pattern ; 
'mounted  on  a base  provided  with  an  adjusta- 
ble belt  tightener,  so  that  the  belt  may  be 
tightened  while  in  operation ; capable  of  oper- 
ating under  full  load  for  consecutive 

hours  without  increasing  the  temperature  of 
any  par  ;,  especially  the  armature,  fields,  and 
commutator,  to  such  a degree  as  to  endanger 
the  insulation  or  decrease  the  efficiency  of 
operation;  shall  not  spark  appreciably  with 
proper  care  of  the  commutator  and  adjust- 
ment of  brushes,  nor  under  considerable  varia- 
tion of  load ; shall  have  an  insulation  resist- 
ance of  not  less  than ohms  between  all 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


43 


parts  insulated  from  each  other;  shall  he 
adapted  to  operate  at  such  speed  as  will  allow 
the  use  of  high  speed,  automatic  cut-off 
engines  belted  direct ; shall  be  provided  with 
efficient  oiling  devices;  the  armature  shall 
be  balanced  both  electrically  and  mechanic- 
ally so  that  there  will  be  no  tendency  to  spring 
the  shaft,  or  to  draw  the  armature  toward 
either  bearing  so  as  to  cause  excessive  friction 
and  heating,  and  no  vibration ; the  djnamo(s) 
shall  be  so  designed  that  the  power  required 
will  be  automatically  proportioned  to  the  num- 


any  number  may  be  operated  in 


from  the  circuit  any  dynamo  wit 

manner  affecting  the  operation  of 

der,  or  causing  any  change  in  the  candle 
power  or  steadiness  of  the  lamps ; and  that 
when  two  or  mme  are  operating  on  the  same 
circuit  in  parallel  the  load  may  be  divided 
between  them  in  proportion  to  their  respect- 
ive capacities  under  all  conditions,  from  no 
load  to  full  load;  and  that  with  the  proper 
connections  any  number  of  pairs,  a pair  con- 
sisting of  two  similar  dynamos,  may  be 
manipulated  in  the  same  manner  and  with 
the  same  effect  as  single  dynamos,  as  indi- 
cated above, 


her  and  candle  power  of  the  lamf 
any  time;  that  with  the  proper 


whatever  ampere  capacity,  provicted  the  volt- 
age be  the  same ; that  when  competed  so  t0] 


° 7 — "v'/, 

operate  it  shall  be  possible,  with',  ordinary 

care  and  precaution,  to  add  to  or  talbg  away 


44 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


22.  Fouuda- 
tious. 


The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  rated  with  such 

margin  of  safety  that  j j.  shall  not  be 

injured  if  subjected  to  a temporary  overload 
of per  cent,  above  such  rating. 


(Note. — In  the  specification  for  foundations 
it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  a dynamo  is  not 
subject  to  vibration  if  its  armature  is  properly 
balanced,  nor  to  the  strains  and  shocks  due  to 
the  movement  of  rapidly  reciprocating  parts, 
it  is  therefore  only  necessary  to  provide  such 
foundation  as  will  amply  sustain  its  weight 
and  resist  the  belt  strain.) 


The  foundation(s)  for  the(se)  dynamo (s) 
shall  be  built  bythe|«»“[  of  — 

laid , or  of  other  material  subject  to  the 

approval  of  the  j j-  and  shall  be  of 

sufficient  length,  width  and  depth  to  safely 
( their 


and  firmlv  sustain 


( its  j 


weight. 


All  necessary  excavating  or  filling,  and  the 
removal  of  all  debris  shall  be  done  by  the 


The  height  of  the  dynamo 


j contractor.  ) 

( purchaser,  f 
base-frame(s)  above  the  ground  will  be . 

The  dynamo  base-frame(s)  shall  be  firmly 
and  securely  fastened  to  tlie(se)  foundation(s) 
in  such  a way  as  to  prevent  lateral  motion  in 
either  direction,  and  to  give  an  even  bearing 
surface  at  every  point. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


45 


(Note. — This  specification  simply  provides 
for  such  instruments  as  it  is  customary  to  fur- 
nish with  a dynamo;  if  extra  instruments  are 
desired,  such  as  portable  voltmeters,  portable 
ammeters,  testing  sets,  etc.,  they  should  be 
distinctly  specified,  as  well  as  the  make  if  a 
particular  kind  is  preferred.) 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dynamo 
one  hand  regulator  for  adjusting  the  pres- 
sure, made  entirely  of  incombustible  mate- 
rial ; one  ampere  meter  for  indicating  the  cur- 
rent supplied  by  the  dynamo  and  graduated 
to  read  amperes ; one  voltmeter  or  pressure 
indicator,  which  shall  remain  constantly  in 
circuit,  so  as  to  indicate  continuously  the  pres- 
sure at  the  point  to  which  it  is  connected,  and 
which  shall  be  so  constructed  that  the  scale  is 

plainly  visible  at  a distance  of  at  least ; 

one  brush  jig  for  trimming  the  brushes;  one 
insulating  baseframe  provided  with  rails  and 
a suitable  device  for  shifting  the  position  of 
the  dynamo  to  alter  the  belt  tension ; and  one 
headboard  switch  for  cutting  off  the  current 
at  the  dynamo  itself.  There  shall  also  be  pro- 
vided for  the  installation ground  detec- 

tor^), which  shall  continuously  indicate  the 
insulation  from  the  ground  maintained  on 

both  sides  throughout  the  system,  and 

lighting  arresters  of  the  most  efficient  type 
known. 

(Note. — In  the  case  of  compound  dynamos  2 
operating  in  parallel  the  equalizing  wire  may 
often  more  conveniently  be  carried  direct 


23.  Instru- 
ments. 


Cables  to 
Switch- 
board. 


4G 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


t * 


from  dynamo  to  dynamo,  in  which  case  this 
contractor  should  furnish  and  connect  a suita- 
ble equalizing  switch  at  each  dynamo.) 

This  contractor  shall  carry  to  the  switch- 
board location  at all  regulator  and  main 

wires,  leaving  the  ends  coiled  up  neatly, 
properly  tagged,  and  sufficiently  long  to  make 
the  necessary  switchboard  connections.  All 
main  wires  shall  have  a capacity  of  at  least 

C.  M.  per  ampere,  and  no  wire  smaller 

than B.  & S.  or  B.  W.  G.  shall  be 

used.  Regulator  wires  shall  be  covered  with 

insulation,  and  shall  be 

i cleated  to  the  ceiling,  ) 

■]  carried  on  insulators,  - main  wires  shall  be 
( concealed  in  molding ; ) 


of 


j bare  copper  wire  supported  ) 

I on  porcelain  insulators.  ] 


or  insulated 


f carefully  cleated  to  the  ceiling, 

! carried  on  porcelain  insulators, 
wire  <{  concealed  in  molding  consisting  y 
| of  a backing  — thick  and  a capping  | 

[ — thick  J 

wires  of  opposite  polarity  being  separated 
not  less  than . In  no  case  shall  insulated 


wires  be  carried  in  such  proximity  to  heated 
surfaces,  vapors,  or  air  as  to  endanger  their 
insulation. 


25.  starting  When  the  plant  shall  be  ready  for  operation 
struction.  ’ the  dynamo(s)  shall  be  run  for  a period  of 

days  by  competent  engineers  furnished 

by  the  contractor.  All  oil,  waste,  power,  etc., 
to  be  furnished  by  (the  purchaser).  This  con- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


47 


tractor  shall  also  give  all  necessary  instruc- 
tion to  the  engineer  of  (the  purchaser)  for  the 
proper  care,  maintenance,  and  operation  of 
the  dynamo(s),  such  instruction  to  be  given 
during  the  trial  period  stipulated  above. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  such  renewal  26*p®rtsWal 
parts  as  it  is  advisable  to  keep  on  hand,  add- 
ing hereto  an  itemized  list  of  same. 

(Note. — The  object  of  this  summary  is  to  27.  summary, 
present  in  a concise,  tabulated  form,  the 
essential  data  concerning  the  apparatus  to  be 
supplied,  thus  enabling  the  different  bids  to 
be  easily  and  quickly  compared.  For  com- 
plete plants  a single  form,  systematically 
arranged,  will  be  found  extremely  convenient 
both  in  making  comparisons  and  in  being 
able  to  see  at  a glance  just  what  apparatus 
and  appliances  are  called  for,  thus  constitut- 
ing a check  on  the  specifications  themselves.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely  the  fol- 
lowing summary: 

Number  of  dynamos  . . . 

Trade  number  or  designation  . . 

Rating  in  volts 

Rating  in  amperes  ....  

Shunt  or  compound  ....  

Make  of  lamp  recommended  for  use  . 

Dynamo  capacity  in c.  p.  lamps  of 

the  above  make  . • 

Speed  . 0 

Size  of  pulleys  . 


48 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


28.  Switcli- 
boar<l. 


H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at  the 
pulley  at  full  load  with  no  loss  in 
the  feeders  . 

Switchboard  and  Appliances . 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect  the 
following  apparatus  and  material: 

(Note. — In  plants  of  any  considerable  size 
the  switchboard  specification  is  an  extremely 
important  one.  Its  general  characteristics 
will  be  determined  by  questions  of  purpose, 
economy,  utility,  available  space,  beauty, 
etc.,  but  the  details  of  material,  method  of 
wiring,  attachment  of  instruments,  location, 
number  of  switchboards,  etc.,  demand  the 
most  careful  study.  It  may  be  advisable  in 
one  instance  to  have  a single  switchboard 
controlling  everything  from  a single  centre, 
in  another  to  have  a dynamo  switchboard 
and  a separate  circuit  switchboard,  while  in 
yet  another  to  even  divide  the  dynamo  switch- 
board into  two  or  more  parts  and  to  have 
several  circuit  switchboards.  In  determining 
the  location  of  switchboards,  not  only  should 
questions  of  convenience  be  considered,  but 
also  questions  of  its  relation  to  economy  in 
the  wiring ; the  example  given  on  p.  22  illus- 
trates this.  Upon  th&  arrangement  of  the 
instruments  will  depend  the  facility  and  cer- 
tainty with  which  they  may  be  operated.) 

The  switchboard  shall  be  made  of , 

neatly  and  substantially  built,  of  sufficient 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  49 

size  to  accommodate  all  the  regulating  appara- 
tus, switches,  ’bus  bars,  etc.,  named  below 
without  crowding,  supported  on  a stout  fram- 
ing of , and  set  out  not  less  than from 

the  wall.  A design  of  the  switchboard  shall 
be  submitted  with  the  bid. 

(Note. — This  specification  includes  only  the 
instruments  used  in  the  simplest  of  installa-  m,,s- 
tions.  The  instruments  required  for  any  par- 
ticular installation  must,  of  course,  be  deter- 
mined by  its  individual  purposes  and  neces- 
sities.) 

There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switchboard 
all  the  dynamo  regulating  apparatus  and  the 
following  appliances: 

main  ampere  meters. 

ampere  meters  for  risers. 

dynamo  galvanometers. 

dynamo  galvanometer  switches. 

dynamo  switches. 

— 

switches  for  connecting  system  with 

dynamos  in  the  building  or  with  external 
source  of  supply.  • 

breakdown  switch. 

double-pole  fusible  cut-outs. 

(switches,  cut-outs,  etc.,  for  purely  local  con- 
ditions). 

All  switches  carrying  over amperes 

shall  be  knife  switches;  all  other  switches 
shall  have  sliding  contacts,  and  shall  make 


50 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


20.  Connec- 
tions (con- 
cealed). 


31.  Connec- 
tions (sur- 
face) . 


and  break  contact  automatically  beyond  the 
control  of  the  operator,  who  shall  simply  set 
the  switch  at  the  point  of  making  or  break- 
ing. 

Cut-outs  shall  be  so  protected  that  the 
molten  metal  cannot  be  spattered  about  on 
the  fusing  of  the  strip. 

All  switches  and  cut-outs  shall  be  mounted 
on  incombustible  bases. 

All  connecting  wires  shall  be  carried  back 

of  the  switchboard  using  only insulated 

wire.  All  joints  shall  be  soldered.  All  connec- 
tions to  switches,  cut-outs,  etc.,  shall  be  sold- 
ered or  made  with  an  approved  form  of  lug 
or  set  screw,  in  all  cases  care  being  taken  to 
secure  good  and  sufficient  contact  to  prevent 
heating  and  insure  permanency  ; when  made 
with  lugs  or  set  screws  they  shall  be  in  plain 
sight  and  easily  accessible  for  tightening. 
Connecting  wires  shall  be  so  run  and  secured 
that  crosses  or  grounds  are  impossible  in  the 
normal  operation  of  the  plant.  All  main  wires 

shall  have  a capacity  of  at  least C.  M. 

per  ampere,  and  no  wire  smaller  than B. 

& S.  or B.  W.  G.  shall  be  used. 

All  dynamo,  ’bus,  feeder  and  riser  wires 

shall  be  of  j Insulated  } wire  fastened  neatly 

and  securely  to  the  front  surface  of  the 
switchboard.  All  bare  wires  shall  be  sepa- 
rated from  the  board  by  an  air  space  of  not 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


51 


less  than . Bus  bars  shall  be  of sec- 

tion. All  minor  connections,  such  as  to  pres- 
sure indicators,  ground  detectors,  etc.,  shall 

be  made  on  the  j g^face  j~  of  the  board  using 

insulated  wire.  All  joints  shall  be  sold- 
ered. All  connections  to  switches,  cut-outs, 
etc.,  shall  be  soldered  or  made  with  an 
approved  form  of  lug  or  set  screw,  in  all  cases 
care  being  taken  to  secure  good  and  sufficient 
contact  to  prevent  heating  and  insure  perma- 
nency, when  made  with  lugs  or  set  screws 
they  shall  be  in  plain  sight  and  easily  acces- 
sible for  tightening.  All  main  wires  shall 

have  a capacity  of  at  least C.  M.  per 

ampere,  and  no  wire  smaller  than B.  & S. 

or  — — B.  W.  G.  shall  be  used. 

The  following  circuits  will  centre  at  the  32,  Circuits, 
switchboard: 

(Enumeration  of  circuits 

To  different  floors ; 

To  different  sections  of  the  building; 

Residence  circuits ; 

Commercial  circuits; 

Street  lighting  circuits; 

Power  circuits,  etc. 

This  enumeration  will  largely  determine 
the  extra  instruments  to  be  supplied.) 


52 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Incandescent  Series  System , Dynamos  Medium 
or  High  Potential  ( Variable  or  Constant ), 
Current  Direct  or  Alternating . 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  unless 
otherwise  specified,  erect  the  following  appa- 
ratus and  material : 

33. Dynamo (s).  dynamo(s)  (each)  having  a capacity 

of , c.  p.,  incandescent  lamps.  The 

maximum  voltage  at  the  terminals  of  the 
dynamo(s)  shall  not  exceed  — - volts  at  full 
load. 

The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  of  the  latest  and 
most  efficient  pattern ; mounted  on  a base 
provided  with  an  adjustable  belt  tightener,  so 
that  the  belt  may  be  tightened  while  in  opera- 
tion; capable  of  operating  under  full  load  for 

consecutive  hours  without  increasing  the 

temperature  of  any  part,  especially  the  arma- 
ture, fields,  and  commutator,  to  such  a degree 
as  to  endanger  the  insulation  or  decrease  the 
efficiency  of  operation  ; shall  not  spark  unduly 
with  proper  care  of  the  commutator  and  ad- 
justment of  the  brushes,  nor  under  consider- 
able variation  of  load ; shall  have  an  insula- 
tion resistance  of  not  less  than  — - ohms  be- 
tween all  parts  insulated  from  each  other; 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


53 


shall  be  adapted  to  operate  at  such  speed  as 
will  allow  the  use  of  high-speed,  automatic 
cut-off  engines  belted  direct;  shall  be  pro- 
vided with  efficient  oiling  devices;  the  arma- 
ture shall  be  balanced  both  electrically  and 
mechanically  so  that  there  will  be  no  ten- 
dency to  spring  the  shaft,  or  to  draw  the 
armature  toward  either  bearing  so  as  to  cnuse 
excessive  friction  and  heating,  and  no  vibra- 
tion; the  dynamo(s)  shall  be  of  such  design 
that  the  power  required  will  be  automatically 
proportioned  to  the  number  and  candle-power 
of  the  lamps  burning  at  anytime;  if  of  the 

direct  and  constant-current  type  j j^ie~v  j- 

shall  be  so  designed  that  with  the  proper  con- 
nections two  or  more  may  be  operated  suc- 
cessfully in  series,  so  that  with  ordinary  care 
and  precaution  any  dynamo  may  be  added  to 
or  tat:  en  from  the  circuit  without  in  any  man- 
ner affecting  the  efficient  operation  of  the 
remainder,  and  with  but  a momentary  fluctu- 
ation in  the  candle  power  and  steadiness  of 
the  lamps;  if  of  the  direct-current,  constant- 

potential  type  j 

that  with  the  proper  connections  two  or  more 
may  be  operated  successfully  in  parallel  so 
that  with  ordinary  care  and  precaution  any 
dynamo  may  be  added  to  or  taken  from  the 
circuit  without  in  any  manner  affecting  the 
operation  of  the  remaining  dynamos  in  cir- 
cuit or  causing  any  change  in  the  candle 


they  ) 
it  f 


shall  be  so  designed 


54 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


34.  Found  a- 
tion(s). 


power  of  the  lamps ; and  that  when  two  or 
more  are  operating  on  the  same  circuit  the 
load  may  he  divided  between  them  in  propor- 
tion to  their  respective  capacities  under  all 
conditions  from  no  load  to  full  load  ; if  of  the 
alternate  current,  constant-current  or  con- 


stant-potential type,  | | shall  be  guaran- 
teed as  efficient  in  -j  * ^ operation  as  any 

of  the  direct-current  types. 

The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  rated  with  such 

margin  of  safety  that  j j-  will  not  be  in- 
jured if  subjected  to  a temporary  overload  of 
per  cent,  above  such  rating. 


(See  Note:  p.  44.,  sec.  22.) 

The  foundation(s)  for  the(se)  dynamo(s) 
( contractor 


shall  be  built  by  the  -j  ^rcha^ser  f of 

laid , or  of  other  material  subject  to  the 

and  shall  be  of 


approval  of  the 


j engineer, 

\ architect, 

sufficient  length,  width,  and  depth  to  safely 

and  firmly  sustain  | t^1  j-  weight.  The 

foundation (s)  shall  be  capped  with  a framing 
of  well  seasoned  timber  securely  fastened 
thereto,  the  dynamo  base-frame(s)  being  se- 
curely fastened  to  the  framing  or  to  the  foun- 
dation through  the  framing,  both  framing  and 
baseframe  being  secured  in  such  a manner  as 
to  prevent  lateral  motion  in  either  direction 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


55 


and  to  give  an  even  bearing  surface  at  every 
point.  If  metal  is  used  to  fasten  framing  or 
baseframeto  the  foundation  it  must  be  thor- 
oughly insulated  where  it  passes  through 
them,  and  at  all  places  liable  to  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  dynamo  must  be  countersunk 
and  covered  with  a moisture-proof  insulating 
compound. 

All  necessary  excavating  and  filling,  and 
the  removal  of  all  debris  shall  be  done  by  the 

I purchaser!*  ( The  of  «« 

baseframe(s)  above  the  ground  will  be . 


(See  Note:  p.  45,  sec.  23.) 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dynamo 
one  voltmeter  or  pressure  indicator  which 
shall  remain  constantly  in  circuit  so  as  to 
indicate  at  all  times  the  pressure  at  the  point 
to  which  it  is  connected;  one  brush  jig  for 
trimming  the  brushes;  one  insulating  base- 
frame  provided  with  rails  and  a suitable 
device  for  shifting  the  position  of  the  dynamo 
to  alter  the  belt  tension ; if  of  the  constant 
potential  type,  one  hand  regulator  made 
entirely  of  incombustible  material,  a head- 
board  switch  for  cutting  off  the  current  at 
the  dynamo,  a compensator  or  suitable  bal- 
ancing device  for  keeping  the  current  in  each 
circuit  practically  constant;  if  of  the  constant 
current  type  an  automatic  regulator  for  so 
controlling  the  potential  as  lights  are  turned 
on  or  off  that  the  current  shall  not  vary  appre- 


35.  Instru- 
ments* 


56 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


36.  Cables  to 
Switch- 
board. 


37.  Starting 
Pl;mt  and  In- 
struction. 

38.  Renewal 
Parts. 


ciably  from  its  normal  value  under  any  con- 
dition of  load.  There  shall  be  provided  for 
each  circuit  one  ampere  meter  for  indicating 
the  current  in  said  circuit,  one  ground  detec- 
tor which  shall  continuously  indicate  the  insu- 
lation from  the  ground  maintained  at  both 
poles  and  approximately  the  distance  of  any 
ground  from  the  station,  and  one  pair  of 
efficient  lighting  arresters.  There  shall  also 
be  provided  one  testing  magneto  capable  of 
ringing  through ohms. 

This  contractor  shall  carry  to  the  switch- 
board location  at all  regulator,  exciter, 

auxiliary,  and  main  wires,  leaving  the  ends 
coiled  up  neatly,  properly  tagged  and  suffi- 
ciently long  to  make  the  necessary  switch- 
board connections.  All  main  wires  shall  have 

a capacity  of  at  least C.  M.  per  ampere 

and  no  wire  smaller  than B.  & S.  or 

B.  W.  G.  shall  be  used.  All  wires  shall  be 

insulated  with shall  be  run ; when 

of  opposite  polarity  shall  be  separated  at  least 

; and  where  crossing  each  other,  wires  of 

other  circuits,  or  passing  near  metal  pipes, 
girders,  etc.,  shall  be  further  protected  by 
. In  no  case  shall  insulated  wires  be  car- 
ried in  such  proximity  to  heated  surfaces, 
vapors,  or  air  as  to  endanger  their  insulation. 

(See  p.  46,  sec.  25.) 

(See  p.  47,  sec.  26.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

(See  Note:  p.  47,  sec.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely  the 
following  summary: 

Number  of  dynamos  ....  

Trade  number  or  designation 

Rating  in  volts  at  maximum  load  . 

Rating  in  amperes  at  maximum  load  

Direct  or  alternating  current  . . 

Constant  or  varying  current  . . 

Constant  or  varying  potential  . 

Series,  shunt,  compound,  self  or  sepa- 
rately excited  ....  

Rating  of  exciter  in  volts  . . 

Rating  of  exciter  in  amperes  . . 

Trade  number  or  designation 

Regulation  by  hand  or  automatic  . 

Number  of  fully  loaded  circuits  possi- 
ble to  operate  per  dynamo 

Make  of  lamp  recommended  for  use  . 

Number  of c.  p.  lamps  of  above 

make  per  circuit  . . . 

Volts  per c.  p.  lamp  . . . - — — 

Amperes  per c.  p.  lamp  . . 

H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at  the  pul- 
ley at  full  load  with  no  loss  in  the 
feeders  but  including  exciter  . 

(See  p.  48,  sec.  28.) 

There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switch- 
board, in  addition  to  all  the  dynamo  regula- 
ting apparatus,  such  switches,  cut-outs,  and 
other  appliances  as  are  necessary  for  the 


57 


39.  Summary. 


40.  Switch- 
board. 


41.  Switch- 
board Appar- 
atus and  Con- 
nections. 


58 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


42.  Circuits. 


proper  and  convenient  manipulation  of  the 
circuits,  such  appliances  to  be  named  by  each 
bidder  in  his  proposal.  For  systems  operating 
dynamos  and  circuits  in  parallel,  the  appli- 
ances and  connections  shall  be  such  as  will 
permit  adding  to  or  taking  from  the  circuit 
any  dynamo  without  in  any  manner  affecting 
the  operation  of  the  remaining  dynamos  in 
circuit  or  the  candle  power  of  the  lamps,  and 
will  permit  the  cutting  in  or  out  of  any  cir- 
cuit without  affecting  the  stability  of  other 
circuits.  For  systems  operating  one  dynamo 
for  each  circuit  or  series  of  circuits  the  con- 
nections shall  be  such  as  will  permit  any  cir- 
cuit to  be  connected  to  or  disconnected  from 
any  djnamo  with  certainty  and  rapidity. 
(For  switchboard  connections  see  secs.  30 
and  31,  p.  50). 

(See  p.  51,  sec.  32.) 


Constant  Potential , Alternating  Current 
System . 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  unless 
otherwise  specified,  erect  the  following  appa- 
ratus and  material : 


43.Dynamo(s).  constant  potential,  alternating  cur- 

rent dynamo(s)  (each)  having  a capacity  of 
, c.  p., volt  incandescent  lamps. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


59 


The  maximum  voltage  at  the  terminals  of  the 
dynamo(s)  shall  not  exceed volts. 

The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  of  the  latest  and 
most  efficient  pattern ; mounted  on  a base 
provided  with  an  adjustable  belt  tightener,  so 
that  the  belt  may  be  tightened  while  in  oper- 
ation ; capable  of  operating  under  full  load 
for  — — consecutive  hours  without  increasing 
the  temperature  of  any  part,  especially  the 
armature,  fields,  and  commutator,  to  such  a 
degree  as  to  endanger  the  insulation  or  de- 
crease the  efficiency  of  operation ; shall  have 

an  insulation  resistance  of  not  less  than 

ohms  between  all  parts  insulated  from  each 
other;  shall  be  adapted  to  operate  at  such 
speed  as  will  allow  the  use  of  high-speed, 
automatic  cut-off  engines  belted  direct ; shall 
be  supplied  with  efficient  oiling  devices;  the 
armature  shall  be  balanced  "both  electrically 
and  mechanically  so  that  there  will  be  no 
tendency  to  spring  the  shaft,  or  to  draw  the 
armature  toward  either  bearing  so  as  to  cause 
excessive  friction  and  heating,  and  no  vibra- 
tion ; all  contacts,  brushes,  binding  posts, 
etc.,  shall  be  so  placed  and  protected  that 
there  is  the  least  possible  danger  of  receiving 
a shock ; special  attention  shall  be  given  to 
the  proper  securing  of  armature  conductors 
to  its  surface;  the  dynamo(s)  shall  be  so 
designed  that  the  power  required  will  be  auto- 
matically proportioned  to  the  number  and  the 
candle  power  of  the  lamps  burning  at  any 
time,  and  shall  be  rated  with  such  margin  of 


60 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


41.  Founda- 
tions. 


45.  Fnstru- 
nicMits. 


safety  that  j j|ie^  j-  will  not  be  injured  if 

subjected  to  a temporary  overload  of per 

cent,  above  such  rating;  if  self-exciting,  the 
coils  furnishing  the  exciting  current,  and  the 
commutator  shall  be  so  insulated  and  pro- 
tected that  it  will  be  impossible  under  the 
ordinary  conditions  of  operation  to  ground  or 
cross  them  on  themselves  or  on  the  armature 
circuit;  if  separately  excited  the  exciting 
dynamo(s)  also  shall  be  subject  to  the  general 
conditions  given  above,  shall  operate  at  a 

potential  not  exceeding volts,  shall  be  of 

ample  capacity  to  excite  the  fields  of 

dynamo(s)  (each)  having  a capacity  of , 

c.  p.  incandescent  lamps,  and  shall 

operate  with  no  appreciable  sparking  at  the 
brushes. 

(See  p.  54,  sec.  34.) 

(See  Note:  p.  45,  sec.  23.) 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dynamo 
one  ampere  meter  for  indicating  the  current 
supplied  by  the  dynamo ; one  voltmeter  or 
pressure  indicator  which  shall  remain  con- 
stantly in  circuit  so  as  to  indicate  continuously 
the  pressure  on  the  primary  mains  at  the  point 
to  which  it  is  connected,  and  shall  be  so  con- 
structed that  the  scale  is  plainly  visible  at  a 

distance  of  at  least ; one  insulating  base- 

frame  provided  with  rails  and  a suitable 
device  for  shifting  the  position  of  the  dynamo 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


61 


to  alter  the  belt  tension ; one  ground  detector 
which  shall  continuously  indicate  the  insula- 
tion maintained  on  both  sides  throughout  the 
system ; one  pair  of  efficient  lightning  arrest- 
ers; for  the  field-exciting  circuit  one  hand 
regulator  made  entirely  of  incombustible 
material,  one  voltmeter,  one  brush  jig,  one 
double-pole  knife  switch  mounted  on  an 
incombustible  base,  one  double-pole  fusible 
cut-out  mounted  on  an  incombustible  base; 
if  the  fields  are  separately  excited  there  shall 
be  provided  with  the  exciting  dynamo  one 
insulating  baseframe  as  above,  one  endless 
belt,  and  also,  if  it  excites  the  fields  of  more 
than  one  dynamo,  one  hand  regulator  for  the 
field  circuit  of  the  exciting  dynamo,  one  hand 
regulator  for  each  of  the  field  circuits  of  the 
excited  dynamos,  and  one  double-pole  knife 
switch  and  double-pole  fusible  cut-out  for 
each  of  the  above  field  circuits,  including  that 
of  the  exciting  dynamo  unless  lights  are  oper- 
ated therefrom,  in  which  case  a switch  and 
cut  out  shall  be  placed  in  the  main  circuit 
before  branching  off  to  the  various  dynamos. 

There  shall  be  provided  the  following  num- 46.  converters, 
bers  and  sizes  of  converters : 

Number.  Size. 

— It. 

etc.  etc. 

Each  converter  shall  reduce  the  voltage  on 
the  primary  circuit  to volts  on  the  sec- 

ondary circuit ; shall  have  its  capacity  plainly 


62 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


47.  Cables  to 
Switchboard. 


48.  Starting 
Plant  and  In- 
struction. 


49.  Renewal 
Parts. 


50.  Summary. 


marked  upon  it ; shall  be  provided  with  fuses 
on  both  the  primary  and  secondary  circuits ; 
and  shall  be  so  arranged  that  when  replacing 
fuses  or  otherwise  working  about  the  con- 
verter both  the  primary  and  secondary  cir- 
cuits may  be  opened. 

(See  p.  56;  sec.  36.) 

(See  p.  46;  sec.  25.) 

(See  p.  47,  sec.  26.) 

(See  Note:  p.  47,  sec.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely  the  fol- 
lowing summary : 

Number  of  alternators  . . . 

Trade  number  or  designation  . . 

Number  of  exciters  . . . . 

Trade  number  or  designation  . 

Rating  of  alternators  in  volts  . . 

Rating  of  alternators  in  amperes 

Rating  of  exciters  in  volts  . . . 

Rating  of  exciters  in  amperes  . 

Self  or  separately  excited  . . . 

Reduction  recommended  in  converters 

Make  of  lamps  recommended  for  use  

Dynamo  capacity  in c.  p.  lamps  of 

above  make  ....  

H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at  the 
pulley  at  full  load  with  no  loss  in 
the  feeders  but  including  exciter  . 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


(See  p.  48,  sec.  28.) 

There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switch- 
board, in  addition  to  the  dynamo  regulating- 
apparatus,  such  switches,  cut-outs,  and  other 
appliances  as  are  necessary  for  the  proper 
and  convenient  manipulation  of  the  circuits, 
such  appliances  to  be  named  by  each  bidder 
in  his  proposal. 

The  appliances  and  connections  shall  be 
such  as  will  permit  the  operation  of  any 
dynamo  on  any  circuit  or  number  of  circuits, 
and  the  cutting  in  or  out  of  any  dynamo  or 
circuit  with  certainty  and  rapidity  without  in 
any  manner  affecting  the  operation  of  other 
dynamos  or  circuits.  They  shall  also  be 
arranged  in  such  manner  as  to  render  it  im- 
possible to  connect  two  dynamos  together  by 
any  arrangement  of  switches  or  combination 
of  circuits.  (For  switchboard  connections 
see  secs.  30  and  31,  p.  50.) 

(See  p.  51,  sec.  32.) 


Alternating  Current  or  Direct  Current  Sys- 
tem., with  the  Parallel  System  of  Distribu- 
tion. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  unless 
otherwise  specified,  erect  the  following  appa- 
ratus and  material  : 


63 


51.  Switch 
board. 


52.  Switch 
board  A]>]»ar 
a tus  and  Con 
liections. 


53.  Circ  ui  ts. 


64 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


M. Dynamo^).  A dynamo  capacity  of,  as  nearly  as  possi 

ble, , c.  p.  incandescent  lamps.  (The 

number  of  dynamos  shall  not  be  less  than 
, nor  more  than .) 

The  dynamo(s)  shall  be  of  the  latest  and 
most  efficient  pattern  ; shall  be  mounted  upon 
a base  provided  with  an  adjustable  belt 
tightener  so  that  the  belt  may  be  tightened 
while  in  operation ; capable  of  operating 

under  full  load  for consecutive  hours 

without  increasing  the  temperature  of  any 
part,  especially  the  armature,  fields,  and  com- 
mutator, to  such  a degree  as  to  endanger  the 
insulation  or  decrease  the  efficiency  of  opera- 
tion ; shall  not  spark  appreciably  with  proper 
care  of  the  commutator  and  adjustment  of 
the  brushes,  nor  under  considerable  variation 
of  the  load ; shall  have  an  insulation  resist- 
ance of  not  less  than ohms  between  all 

parts  insulated  from  eacli  other;  shall  be 
adapted  to  operate  at  such  speed  as  will  allow 
the  use  of  high-speed,  automatic  cut-off 
engines  belted  direct ; shall  be  provided  with 
efficient  oiling  devices;  the  armature  shall 
be  balanced  electrically  and  mechanically  so 
that  there  will  be  no  tendency  to  spring  the 
shaft,  or  to  draw  the  armature  toward  either 
bearing  so  as  to  cause  excessive  friction  and 
heating,  and  no  vibration;  all  contacts,  bind- 
ing posts,  brushes,  etc.,  having  considerable 
differences  of  potential  between  them  shall  be 
so  placed  and  protected  that  the  danger  of 
receiving  a shock  is  the  least  possible;  arma- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


65 


ture  conductors’  shall  be  so  securely  attached 
to  the  surface  of  the  armature 
any  possibility  of  their  being  dragged 
their  proper  position  under  normal  conditions^ 
of  operation;  all  coils,  connections,  commuta- 
tors, brushes,  etc.,  belonging  to  different 
cuits  shall  be  so  insulated  and  protected  that 
it  will  be  impossible  under  the  ordinary  con- 
ditions of  operation  to  cross  or  ground  them 
the  dynamo(s)  shall  be  so  designed  that  the 
power  required  will  be  automatically  propor- 
tioned to  the  number  and  candle  power  of  the 
lamps  burning  at  any  time ; and  shall  be  rated 

with  such  margin  of  safety  that  -j  jjie^  j-  will 

not  be  injured  if  subjected  to  a temporary 

overload  of  — 


per  cent,  above  j j- 


nor- 


mal  rating ; if  (an)auxiliary  djTnamo(s)  j ^ e j- 
required  for  the  operation  of  the  dynamo(s) 
specified  above  -j  j-  shall  be  subject  to 
the  same  conditions. 


(See  Note:  p.  44,  sec.  22.) 

The  foundation (s)  for  the(se)  dvnamo(s) 

shall  be  built  by  the  — • 

laid , or  of  other  material  subject  to  the 


55.  Founda- 
tions. 


approval  of  the  j ardiFtect'  | anc^  be  °f 

sufficient  length,  width,  and  depth  to  safely 


66 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


56.  Instru- 
ments. 


and  firmly  sustain  j-  weight. 

For  dynamos  operating  at  voltages  below 
the  baseframe  may  be  firmly  and  se- 
curely fastened  directly  on  the  foundation. 

For  dynamos  operating  at  voltages  above 

the  foundation  shall  be  capped  with  a fram- 
ing of  well  seasoned  timber  securely  fastened 
thereto,  the  baseframe  being  securely  fast- 
ened to  the  framing  or  to  the  foundation 
through  the  framing ; both  framing  and  base- 
frame  being  secured  in  such  a manner  as  to 
prevent  lateral  motion  in  either  direction,  and 
to  give  an  even  bearing  surface  at  every 
point. 

If  metal  is  used  to  fasten  framing  or  base- 
frame  to  the  fomidation  it  shall  be  thoroughly 
insulated  where  it  passes  through  them,  and 
at  all  places  liable  to  come  in  contact  with  the 
dynamo  shall  be  countersunk  and  covered 
with  a moisture-proof  insulating  compound. 

All  necessary  excavating  and  filling,  and 
the  removal  of  all  debris  shall  be  done  by  the 

j } T1«  he«ht  the 

baseframe(s)  above  the  ground  will  be . 

(See  Note:  p.  45,  sec.  23.) 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dynamo 
one  hand  regulator  for  adjusting  the  pressure, 
made  entirely  of  incombustible  material ; one 
ampere  meter  for  indicating  the  current  sup- 
plied by  the  dynamo ; one  voltmeter  or  pres- 


ELECTUIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


67 


sure  indicator,  which  shall  remain  constantly 
in  circuit  so  as  to  indicate  continuously  the 
pressure  at  the  point  to  which  it  is  connected, 
and  shall  be  so  constructed  that  the  scale  is 

plainly  visible  at  a distance  of  at  least ; 

one  insulating  baseframe  provided  with  rails 
and  a suitable  device  for  shifting  the  position 
of  the  dynamo  to  alter  the  belt  tension  ; there 
shall  be  provided  for  the  installation  one 
ground  detector,  or  if  the  circuits  have  no 
common  junction  one  ground  detector  for  each 
circuit,  which  shall  continuously  indicate  the 
insulation  from  the  ground  maintained  on 
both  sides  throughout  the  system,  and  one 
pair  of  efficient  lightning  arresters  for  the 
common  circuits,  or  for  each  circuit  if  they 
are  kept  separate ; there  shall  also  be  provided 
such  brush  jigs,  switches,  cut-outs,  belts  and 
other  appliances  as  are  requisite  and  proper 
in  the  operation  of  the  system  and  would  be 
found  in  a correct  installation ; switches  and 
cub  outs  to  be  double  pole  and  mounted  on 
incombustible  bases ; belts  to  be  endless  and 
capable  of  transmitting  the  power  required 
safely  and  efficiently. 


For  alternating  systems  there  shall  be  pro- 57. converters, 
vided  the  following  numbers  and  sizes  of  con- 
verters : 

Number.  Sizes. 

- Jt. 


etc. 


etc. 


68 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


58.  Cables  to 
Switchboard. 


(See  Note:  p.  45,  sec.  24.) 

This  contractor  shall  carry  to  the  switch- 
board location  at all  regulator,  exciter, 

auxiliary,  and  main  wires,  leaving  the  ends 
coiled  up  neatly,  properly  tagged,  and  suffi- 
ciently long  to  make  the  necessary  switch- 
board connections.  All  main  wires  shall  have 

a capacity  of  at  least C.  M.  per  ampere, 

and  no  wire  smaller  than B.  & S.  or  

B.  W.  G.  shall  be  used.  All  regulator,  exciter. 

and  for  systems  carrying  over volts  all 

auxiliary  and  main  wires,  shall  be  insulated 

with ; all  wires  of  systems  carrying  over 

volts  shall  be  run ; where  of  opposite 

polarity  shall  be  separated  at  least ; and 

where  crossing  each  other,  wires  of  other  cir- 
cuits or  passing  near  metal  pipes,  girders,  etc., 
shall  be  further  protected  by . 

For  systems  carrying  less  than volts 

the  main  wires  shall  be  of 

j bare  copper  wire  supported 
( on  porcelain  insulators, 
carefully  cleated  to  the 
ceiling, 

carried  on  porcelain  in- 

insulated  wire  Celled  in  a molding 

consisting  of  a back- 

I ing thick  and  a 

[ capping thick 

wires  of  opposite  polarity  being  separated  not 
less  than . 

In  no  case  shall  insulated  wires  be  carried 
in  such  proximity  to  heated  surfaces,  vapors, 
or  air  as  to  endanger  their  insulation. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


69 


(See  p.  46,  sec.  25.) 

(See  p.  47,  sec.  26.) 

(See  Note:  p.  47,  sec.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely,  so  far 
as  it  pertains  to  his  apparatus,  the  following 
summary : 

Number  of  direct-current  dynamos  . 

Trade  number  or  designation  . . 

Number  of  alternate-current  dynamos  

Trade  number  or  designation  . . 

Number  of  exciter  dynamos  . . 

Trade  number  or  designation  . . 

Rating  of  dynamos  in  volts  . . 

Rating  of  dynamos  in  amperes  . . 

Rating  of  exciters  in  volts  . . 

Rating  of  exciters  in  amperes  . . 

Self  or  separately  excited  . . 

Shunt  or  compound  ....  

Reduction  recommended  in  converters  

Make  of  lamp  recommended  for  use  . 

Dynamo  capacity  in c.  p.  lamps  of 

the  above  make  . . . 

H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at  pulley 
at  full  load  with  no  loss  in  the  feed- 
ers but  including  exciter  . . 

(See  p.  48,  sec.  28.) 

There  shall  be  placed  upon  this  switch- 
board, in  addition  to  all  the  dynamo  regulat- 


59.  Starting 
Plant  and  in- 
struction. 

60.  Renewal 
Parts. 


61.  Summary. 


62.  Switch- 
board. 


63.  Switch- 
noard  Appar- 
atus and  Con- 
nections, 


70 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


ing  apparatus,  such  switches,  cut-outs,  and 
other  appliances  as  are  necessary  for  the 
proper  and  convenient  manipulation  of  the 
circuits,  such  appliances  to  be  named  by  each 
bidder  in  his  proposal. 

For  the  two-wire,  direct-current  system  the 
appliances  and  connections  shall  be  such  as 
will  permit  any  dynamo  to  be  added  to  or 
taken  from  parallel  circuit  without  in  any 
manner  affecting  the  operation  of  the  remain- 
ing dynamos  in  circuit,  or  the  candle  power 
and  steadiness  of  the  lamps. 

For  the  three-wire,  direct-current  system 
the  appliances  and  connections  shall  be  such 
as  will  permit  any  dynamo  on  either  side  to 
be  added  to  or  taken  from  parallel  circuit 
without  in  any  manner  affecting  the  opera- 
tion of  the  remaining  dynamos  in  circuit  on 
that  side,  or  the  candle  power  and  steadiness 
of  the  lamps;  and  a breakdown  switch  for 
connecting  the  two  outside  wires  in  case  it 
shall  become  necessary  or  desirable  to  operate 
on  the  two- wire  system. 

For  the  alternating-current  system  the 
appliances  and  connections  shall  be  such  as 
av  ill  permit  the  operation  of  any  dynamo  on 
any  circuit  or  number  of  circuits,  and  the  cut- 
ting in  or  out  of  any  dynamo  or  circuit  with 
certainty  and  rapidity,  without  in  any  man- 
ner affecting  the  operation  of  other  dynamos 
or  circuits,  and  such  that  it  will  be  impossible 
to  connect  two  dynamos  together  by  any 
arrangement  of  switches  or  combination  of 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


71 


circuits.  (For  switchboard  connections  see 
secs.  30  and  31,  p.  50.) 

(See  p.  51,  sec.  32.)  64.  circuits. 


Arc  Series  System , Direct  Current. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish,  and,  unless 
otherwise  specified,  install  the  following 
apparatus  and  material : 

arc  light  dynamo(s)  (each)  having  a 65.  Dynamo  (a). 

capacity  of , c.  p., ampere, 

volt  arc  lamps. 

Each  dynamo  shall  be  provided  with  a regu- 
lator which  shall  automatically  make  the 
proper  adjustments  for  all  changes  of  load 
from  no  load  to  full  load,  the  adjustments  to 
be  made  in  such  a way  as  not  to  endanger 
any  part  of  the  dynamo,  appliances  or  lamps, 
nor  to  cause  any  perceptible  change  in  the 
balance  remaining  in  operation;  shall  be  of 
the  latest  and  most  efficient  pattern ; mounted 
on  a base  provided  with  an  adjustable  belt- 
tightener,  so  that  the  belt  may  be  tightened 
while  in  operation ; capable  of  operating 

under  full  load  for consecutive  hours 

without  increasing  the  temperature  of  any 
part,  especially  the  armature,  fields,  and  com- 
mutator, to  such  a degree  as  to  endanger  the 
insulation  or  decrease  the  efficiency  of  opera- 
tion • shall  have  an  insulation  resistance  of 


72 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


66.  Founda- 
tions. 


67.  Instru- 
ments. 


not  less  than ohms  between  all  parts 

insulated  from  each  other;  shall  be  adapted 
to  operate  at  such  speed  as  will  allow  the  use 
of  high-speed,  automatic-cut-off  engines  belt- 
ed direct;  shall  be  provided  with  efficient 
oiling  devices ; the  armature  shall  be  balanced 
both  electrically  and  magnetically,  so  that 
there  will  be  no  tendency  to  spring  the  shaft, 
or  to  draw  the  armature  toward  either  "bear- 
ing so  as  to  cause  excessive  friction  and  heat- 
ing, and  no  vibration  ; especial  attention  shall 
be  given  the  insulation,  protection,  and  sepa- 
ration of  contacts,  binding  posts,  and  bared 
surfaces  having  extreme  differences  of  poten- 
tial, in  order  to  minimize  the  danger  of  acci- 
dental shocks,  crosses,  or  grounds  under  nor- 
mal conditions  of  operation;  the  dynamo(s) 
shall  be  so  designed  and  automatically  regu- 
lated that  the  power  will  be  automatically 
proportioned  to  the  number  and  candle  power 
of  the  lamps  burning  at  any  time. 

(See  p.  54,  sec.  34.) 

(See  Note:  p.  45,  sec.  23.) 

There  shall  be  provided  with  each  dynamo, 
in  addition  to  the  automatic  regulator  re- 
quired above,  one  ampere  meter  for  indica- 
ting the  current  supplied  by  the  dynamo  and 
graduated  to  read  amperes;  one  brush  jig  for 
trimming  the  brushes;  one  insulating  base- 
frame,  provided  with  rails  and  a suitable 
device  for  shifting  the  position  of  the  dynamo 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


73 


to  alter  the  belt  tension ; one  main  switch ; 
one  pair  of  efficient  lightning  arresters;  and 
for  the  general  installation  one  testing  mag- 
neto capable  of  ringing  through ohms. 

(See  p.  56,  sec.  36.) 


There  shall  be  provided 


"single  carbon 
double  carbon 
triple  carbon 
< single  mech- 
anism 7-hour 
single  mech- 
anism 14-hour 


arc  lamps  of nominal  candle  power.  Each 

lamp  shall  be  provided  with  a switch  by 
which  it  may  be  cut  in  or  out  of  circuit ; shall 
be  regular  in  its  feeding  action ; shall  be  free 
from  hissing,  flickering,  or  flaming  when  pro- 
vided with  proper  carbons ; shall  contain  an 
efficient  device  which  shall  automatically  cut 
out  a lamp  for  any  reason  defective,  without 
interfering  with  the  operation  of  the  remain- 
iug  lamps  in  circuit;  and  shall  be  simple, 
strong,  and  durable  in  its  mechanical  con- 


struction. 


hanger  boards  for  inside  use,  each 

hanger  board  to  contain  a switch  by  which 
the  lamp  may  be  cut  entirely  out  of  circuit. 


waterproof  hoods,  complete  with 

hanger  boards  for  outside  use  ) 
out-rigger  attachments  > 

cross-suspension  attachments.  ) 


68.  Cables  to 
Switchboard. 

69.  Arc 
Lamps. 


70.  Hanger 
Boards. 


71.  Hoods. 


74 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


72.  Globes. 


73.  Spark  Ar- 
resters and 
Nets. 


74.  Carbons. 


75.  Starting 
Plant  and  In- 
struction. 

76.  Renewal 
Parts. 

77.  Summary. 


78.  Switch- 
board Com 
plete. 


f clear  glass 
| full  ground 
■{  half  ground 
| opal 

(colored,  etc.  J 


> globes. 


wire-gauze  spark  arresters,  and 


wire  globe-nets. 


sets  of  carbons,  a set  consisting  of 

one  upper  and  one  lower  carbon. 

(See  p.  46,  sec.  25.) 

(See  p.  47,  sec.  26.) 


(See  Note:  p.  47,  sec.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely  the 
following  summary : 

Number  of  dynamos  . . . 

Trade  number  or  designation  . . 

Rating  in  volts 

Rating  in  amperes  ....  

Capacity  in c.  p.  lamps  . . 

Series  or  shunt  wound  . . . 

H.  P.  required  to  be  delivered  at  pulley 
at  full  load  with  no  loss  in  the  line  


SWITCHBOARD,  APPARATUS,  AND  .CONNECTIONS. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect  the 
following  apparatus  and  material: 

One  combination  (material)  switchboard 
with  a capacity  for  - circuits,  and  provided 
with  the  necessary  sockets,  plugs,  main  and 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


75 


transfer  cables,  testing  connections,  and  a 
suitable  and  convenient  device  for  bolding 
cables  not  in  use.  It  shall  be  so  arranged  and 
marked  that  any  circuit  or  series  of  circuits 
may  be  quickly  connected  with  or  discon- 
nected from  any  dynamo  with  the  least  possi- 
ble danger  of  short-circuits  or  error.  Sockets 
shall  be  so  designed  that  it  is  practically  im- 
possible to  short-circuit,  ground,  or  receive  a 
shock  from  them.  All  connections  with  the 
dynamo  leads  shall  be  easily  accessible.  All 
wires  used  in  making  connections  shall  have 

insulation.  All  plugs  shall  have  well 

insulated  wooden  handles,  and  the  cables 
shall  be  covered  with  soft-rubber  tubing  or 
equivalent  as  an  extra  precaution.  All  cables 
shall  be  of  stranded  wire. 

All  joints  shall  be  soldered.  All  connections 
to  switches,  cut-outs,  etc.,  shall  be  soldered 
or  made  with  an  approved  form  of  lug  or  set- 
screw, in  all  cases  care  being  taken  to  secure 
good  and  sufficient  contact  to  prevent  heating 
and  insure  permanency;  when  made  with 
lugs  or  set-screws  they  shall  be  in  plain  sight 
and  easily  accessible  for  tightening.  Connect- 
ing wires  shall  be  so  run  and  secured  that 
crosses  or  grounds  are  impossible  in  the  nor- 
mal operation  of  the  plant. 

FIXTURES,  ETC. 

(Note. — No  set  specification  can  be  made  for 
fixtures  and  shades ; their  character  must  be 


79.  Fixtures 
and  Shades, 


76 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


80.  Lamps. 


81.  Sockets 
and  Recep- 
tacles. 


82.  Meters. 


determined  wholly  from  individual  require- 
ments. See  schedule,  p.  107.) 


This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  deliver  at 

the  following  number,  sizes,  and  kinds 

of  incandescent  lamps: 


Number.  C.  p. 
etc.  etc. 


Voltage.  f 
Amperage.  | 


etc. 


Plain. 
Frosted. 
Colored,  etc. 


etc. 

stating,  also,  their  make  and  the  make  of  the 
socket  for  which  they  are  adapted. 

Lamps  shall  be  guaranteed  to  have  an  aver- 
age life  of  not  less  than hours  if  burned 

at  their  normal  voltage.  They  shall  burn  with 
a white  light,  and  shall  not  blacken  under 
proper  use.  All  lamps  giving  out  or  proving 

defective  during  the  trial  period  of days 

under  normal  and  proper  use  shall  be  replaced 
without  charge. 


This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  deliver  at 
the  following  numbers  and  kinds  of  sock- 


ets and  receptacles : 

Number.  Kind. 


Finish. 


etc.  etc.  etc. 

This  contractor  shall  furnish  and 

] pfaceTn  position  \ the  followinS  nurabers 

Swatt  meter, 
recording  ampere  meter, 
current  counter. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


77 


Number.  Capacity  in  Two  or  three- 
amperes.  wire. 


etc.  etc.  etc. 


INTERIOR  WIRING. 

Alternating  or  Direct  Current . Two  - Wire 

System. 

The  building  shall  be  wired  to lamp  out- 
lets,   switch  outlets,  (and meter  out- 
lets) for  the  equivalent  of , c.  p., 

volt  lamps.  The  wiring  shall  be  (to  outlets 
only)  (except  for  cut-outs  and  switches;  cut- 
outs and  switches  shall  be  furnished  and  in- 
stalled complete).  At  each  outlet  the  loose 
wire  shall  be  neatly  coiled  and  the  ends  care- 
fully taped. 

All  wiring  shall  be  for  the  parallel,  two-wire 
system  of  distribution. 

The  fall  of  potential  between  the  switch- 
board (centre  of  distribution)  and  the  (farthest 

lamp)  shall  not  exceed  at load per 

cent,  of  the  initial  pressure ; this  difference  to 

be  divided  as  follows : | fgSeec[|rs  [ per 

cent.,  mains per  cent.,  taps per  cent. 

All  wire  used  throughout  the  installation 
shall  be  insulated  with . 


83.  Outlets 
and  Lights. 


84.  System. 


85.  Variation 
in  Pressure. 


86.  Tupula* 
turn. 


78 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


tto-.MS-  Each  / feeder  \ main>  and  taP  sha11  test 
out  with  an  insulation  resistance  of  at  least 

ohms.  The  entire  installation  shall  test 

out  with  an  insulation  resistance  of  at  least 
ohms  divided  by  the  sum  of  the  number 

of  separate  -j  [ mains,  and  taps. 

88.  subdivi-  From  the  switchboard  (or  centre  of  distri- 

sion  oi  v 

5 Risers  ) . i risers,  ) 

1 1 ceders  > • ^u^jonj groups  of  risers,  [•  shall  be  car- 

( feeders,  ) 

1 Riser  ) 

ried  to  the  following  points : - Group  >•  No.  1 

( Feeder  ) 

( riser  ) 

to , < group  > No.  2 to , etc. 

( feeder ) 

( Riser  ) 

1 Group  - No.  1 shall  feed  all  lights  (location), 
( Feeder ) 

! riser  ) 

group  V No.  2 shall  feed,  etc. 
feeder ) 

so.  Location  From  the  switchboard  (or  centre  of  dis- 
' Feeders  \ • tribution)  the  j-  shall  be  carried 

i under  cleats,  ) 

•j  on  insulators,  - to , and  thence  up- 

( in  molding,  etc.,  ) 

ward  in  (channels,  wooden  conduits,  elevator 
shaft,  air  shaft,  etc.,  with  location)  to  their 
respective  cut-out  boxes. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


79 


From  the  j | cut-out  boxes  mains 

I under  cleats,  ) 

shall  be  carried  -j  on  insulators,  [-  to  second- 
( in  molding,  etc.,  ) 

ary  cut-out  boxes  where  all  tap  lines  shall 
centre.  From  j f^|er  j-  No.  1 shall  be  car- 
ried   mains  terminating  at ; from 


j riser  \ 
( feeder  j 


No.  2,  etc. 


(Note. — In  certain  cases  it  is  advisable  to 
run  the  circuits  in  such  a manner  that  no 
room  shall  be  dependent  on  one  circuit  only; 
if  so  desired  it  should  be  added  under  this 
heading.) 

( riser  ) 

From  the  •<  feeder  > cut-out  boxes  distribu- 
( main  ) 

ting  circuits  shall  be  run  to  the  various  out- 
lets as  specified  in  the  schedule  and  located 
on  the  plans.  The  wires  shall  be  run 

" under  cleats,  ) 

on  insulators,  | 

in  molding,  {r  in  such  a 

| concealed  under  plaster, 

[ concealed  in  walls  and  ceilings,  J 

manner  that  the  highest  possible  insulation 
shall  be  maintained  under  all  circumstances. 

Except  in  case  of  single  outlets  for  a group 
of  lamps  and  circuits  specifically  mentioned 
no  distributing  circuit  shall  carry  over 


90.  Mains  (If 
taps  termi- 
nate in  secon- 
dary distribu- 
tion boxes). 


91.  Taps. 


80 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


92.  Joints. 


93.  Cut  Out 
Hurt  Switch 
Cabinets. 


amperes.  Distributing  circuits  shall  be  of  one 
size  of  wire  throughout  their  entire  length. 


Throughout  the  installation  joints  shall  be 
avoided  where  possible;  where  absolutely 
necessary  they  must  be  made  mechanically 
strong  and  secure,  carefully  soldered,  wiped 
free  from  any  moisture  and  excess  of  flux  and 
so  taped  and  compounded  that  the  insulation 
of  the  joints  shall  be  equal  to  the  original 
insulation ; the  solder  shall  be  relied  on  only 
to  give  a good  electrical  connection. 


(Note. — A complete  description  of  the  cabi- 
nets should  be  given  covering  material,  doors, 
hinges,  locks,  finish,  etc. ; also  stating  what 
parts,  if  any,  will  be  furnished  by  other  con- 
tractors, specifying  what  switches  are  to  be 
placed  in  the  cabinets,  and  locating  and  de- 
scribing cabinets  for  switches  alone  if  such 
are  to  be  provided ; if  name  plates  are  to  be 
furnished  so  specify  and  describe.) 

The  terminals  of  all  -j  j mains, 

and  taps  shall  be  brought  together  in  cabi- 
nets at  the  points  designated  in  this  specifica- 
tion and  on  the  plans.  (If  wiring  contractor 
does  not  furnish  cut-outs  and  switches,  add : 

the  terminals  of  the  j | mains  and 

taps  shall  be'  brought  into  these  cabinets  in 
such  a way  as  to  permit  the  easy  and  con- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

venient  insertion  and  connection  of  the  cut- 
outs and  switches  specified.) 

A cut-out  shall  be  provided  for  each  branch 
circuit.  All  cut-outs  shall  be  double-pole, 
mounted  on  incombustible  bases,  and  with 
connections  of  such  size  and  shape  as  to 
afford  ample  contact  surface  for  both  conduc- 
tors and  fuses. 

No  fuses  shall  be  put  in  the  cut-outs  except 
by  special  order,  but  a complete  supply,  con- 
sisting of  not  less  than sets  for  each  cut- 

out, shall  be  provided.  These  fuses  shall  be  of 
the  plug  type  or  furnished  with  metal  tips, 
and  shall  have  their  capacity  plainly  marked 
upon  them. 

For  the  number  and  capacity  of  switches 
see  the  attached  schedule. 

All  switches  shall  be  double-pole,  mounted 
on  incombustible  bases,  with  automatic  make 
and  break,  the  switch  being  merely  set  at  the 
point  of  making  and  breaking  by  the  opera- 
tor, and  with  sliding  contacts.  The  capacity 
of  each  switch  shall  be  plainly  marked  upon 

it  and  shall  not  be  less  than per c.  p. 

lamp  controlled. 

All  switches  located  on  brick  or  stone 
walls  shall  be  mounted  on  wooden  blocks  of 
suitable  size  secured  to  the  wall  in  such  a 
manner  that  they  shall  not  become  loosened 
with  the  continued  use  of  the  switch. 


81 


94.  Cut-Outs. 


95.  Fuses. 


9G.  Switches. 


82 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


97.  Fixture 
Supports. 


98.  Meter  Out- 
lets. 


99.  Elevator 
Lights. 


100.  Molding. 


Where  no  fixture  support  is  provided,  this 

contractor  shall  furnish  for  all  \ s^f-  l 

( ceding  ) 

outlets  a suitable  support  consisting  of 
"a  wooden  block  firmly  fastened  to  the  wall ' 

flush  with  the  plaster,  and  of  sufficient  di- 
mensions to  securely  hold  the  fixture. 

A piece  of  gas-pipe  securely  anchored  by 
< means  of  an  iron  plate  thick  and  l 

square  set  into  the  j ^efirng  j-  the 

end  of  the  gas  pipe  to  extend beyond 

^ the  surface  of  the  plaster. 

(Specify  approximate  number  required.) 

At  the  places  located  in  the  schedule  and 
on  the  plans,  meter  outlets  shall  be  run  (and 
a support  for  each  meter  provided  consisting 
of securely  fastened  to  the  wall). 

Each  elevator  is  to  be  provided  with , 

c.  p.  lamp(s).  Each  elevator  shall  be  on 

its  own  cut-out  and  circuit,  which  shall  be  run 
from,  the  distribution  box  at  (location).  The 
wiring  shall  include  the  wiring  of  the  eleva- 
tor car,  all  necessary  cables,  and  the  connec- 
tion with  its  outlet.  The  cables  shall  be  well 
insulated,  flexible,  and  properly  protected 
from  abrasion. 

The  molding  used  in  the  places  specified 
above  shall  be  of , and  finished . 

On  all  outside  walls,  bare  brick  or  stone 
walls,  etc.,  it  shall  consist  of  a backing  and 
capping. 


Electric  lighting  specifications. 


83 


While  the  schedule  is  intended  to  represent 101-  Additions 
very  closely  the  number  of  lights  and  outlets  to 
be  wired  to,  yet,  as  some  changes  may  become 
necessary  during  the  process  of  construction, 
each  bidder  shall  name  in  his  proposal  a price 
to  be  added  to  or  deducted  from  the  contract 
price  for  each  light  or  outlet  wired  for  in  ex- 
cess of  the  number  specified,  or  which  shall 
be  cancelled,  provided  such  addition  or  can- 
cellation involves  no  change  in  the  work 
already  completed,  and  shall  be  along  the 
lines  of  existing  circuits. 

(Note. — It  may  be  desirable  that  the  pur-  102 *^tnic' 
chaser  furnish  one  man  to  work  under  the 
contractor,  in  order  that  he  may  have  a man 
thoroughly  familiar  with  all  the  details  of  the 
construction ; the  contractor  to  give  such  in- 
struction as  will  enable  him  to  acquire  a thor- 
ough and  intelligent  knowledge  of  methods, 
appliances,  location  of  circuits,  etc.) 

(Note. — To  be  inserted  if  this  contractor  is  103 

v of  fixtures. 

to  complete  the  wiring,  including  the  attach- 
ment of  lamps  and  sockets). 

This  contractor  shall  hang  all  fixtures,  in- 
cluding the  assembling  and  wiring  of  the  fix- 
tures (unless  provided  for  under  Fixtures),  the 
attaching  of  sockets,  lamps,  and  shades,  and 
the  connection  with  the  ends  of  the  taps. 

Insulating  joints  will  be  furnished,  where 
required,  by  the  fixture  contractor,  but  this 
contractor  shall  furnish  and  connect  a suita- 


84 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


104.  Wiring 
and  Attach- 
ing Sockets 
to  Fixtures 
Already  in 
Place. 


105.  Suspen- 
sion of 
Sockets  and. 
Lamps. 


ble  cut-out  for  each  outlet,  protecting  both 
sides  of  the  circuit. 

This  contractor  shall  attach sockets  by 

means  of  a (suitable  gas  attachment)  to  the 
(gas)  fixtures  already  in  place.  These  fixtures 
shall  be  properly  insulated,  and  shall  be  wired 

in  the  following  manner : , with . 

At  each  outlet  a suitable  cut-out  shall  be  pro- 
vided, protecting  both  sides  of  the  circuit.  In 
each  socket  shall  be  placed  the  proper  lamp, 
and  all  shades  shall  be  attached. 

Sockets  and  lamps  shall  be  suspended  by 

means  of pendants  from  the  ceiling. 

Each  pendant  to  be in  length  (provided 

with  a cord  adjuster)  and  protected  by  a 
double-pole  ceiling  cut-out.  Both  at  the  cut- 
out and  in  the  socket  the  cord  shall  be  knotted 
so  that  in  no  case  will  the  weight  come  on  the 
binding  screws.  Where  the  cord  passes 
through  the  neck  of  the  socket  it  shall  be  pro- 
tected by  a bushing.  In  each  socket  shall 

be  placed  the  proper  lamp,  and  all  shades 
shall  be  attached. 


Three -Wire  System. 

This  specification  is  identical  with  the  two- 
wire  specification,  except  in  “System,”  p.  77, 
sec.  84,  in  place  of  which  insert  the  following : 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


85 


All  | f^0^0rs  | and  mains  shall  be  figured 

on  the  basis  of  the  three-wire  system,  but  the 
distribution  circuits  shall  consist  of  two  wires 

only  except  to  outlets  for  a group  of , 

c.  p.,  lamps  or  more,  and  for  special  cir- 
cuits specifically  mentioned.  Care  shall  be 
taken  in  arranging  the  distribution  circuits  to 
have  the  same  number  of  lamps  on  each  side 
of  the  system,  fand  that  no  circuit  shall  be 
connected  across  the  outside  wires.  The  neu- 
tral wire  shall  in  all  cases  be  properly  tagged 
and  shall  be  run  between  the  outside  wires. 


Three -Wire  Sy st  em  Adapted  to  the  Tiro - Wire 
System. 

This  specification  is  identical  with  the  two- 
wire  specification,  except  in  “System,”  p.  77, 
sec.  84,  in  place  of  which  insert  the  following: 

All  | feeders  | an^  mains  shall  consist  of  107.  System. 

three  wires,  but  the  neutral  wire  shall  consist 
of  two  wires,  each  equal  in  cross-section  to 
the  outside  wires,  or  of  one  wire  equal  in 
cross-section  to  the  outside  wires  combined, 
in  order  that  if  desired  all  lights  may  be 
operated  on  the  two-wire  system ; if  two  neu- 
tral wires  are  run  they  shall  be  permanently 
connected  at  each  cut-out  box.  All  distribu- 
tion circuits  shall  consist  of  two  wires  only 
except  to  outlets  for  a group  of  , c.  p., 


86 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


108.  Circuits. 


109.  Insula- 
tion of  Wire. 


110.  Insula- 
tion Resist- 
ance. 


111.  Joints. 


112.  Method 
of  Wiring. 


lamps  or  more,  and  for  special  circuits  speci- 
fically mentioned.  In  all  three-wire  distribu- 
tion circuits  the  neutral  shall  be  equal  in 
cross-section  to  the  two  outside  wires  com- 
bined. Care  shall  be  taken  in  arranging  the 
distribution  circuits  to  have  the  same  number 
of  lamps  on  each  side  of  the  system  and  that 
no  circuit  shall  be  connected  across  the  out- 
side wires  or  between  the  neutral  wires.  The 
neutral  shall  in  all  cases  be  properly  tagged 
and  shall  be  run  between  the  outside  wires. 


Arc  System . 

The  lights  shall  be  divided  into  the  follow- 
ing circuits: 

Circuit  No.  1 (Number  of  lights  and  location.) 
“ No.  2 ( “ “ “ ), 

etc. 

All  wire  used  in  the  installation  shall  be 

insulated  with for  inside  circuits,  and 

with for  outside  circuits. 

Each  circuit  shall  test  out  with  an  insula- 
tion resistance  of  at  least ohms. 


See  p.  80,  sec.  92. 


All  interior  wires  shall  be  run 
|L“r}  i”  a manner  that  the 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


8? 


highest  possible  insulation  is  obtained.  All 
wiring  shall  be  neat  in  its  mechanical  appear- 
ance and  arrangement.  All  exterior  wires 
shall  be  run . 

In  the  interior  of  (the)  building(s)  the  lamps 

specified  shall  be  suspended  from securely 

fastened  to  the  ceiling  (and  provided  with  a 
suitable  device  for  raising  and  lowering).  On 
the  exterior  of  (the)  building(s)  the  lamps 

specified  shall  be  suspended  from , securely 

attached  to , (and  provided  with  a suita- 

ble device  for  raising  and  lowering). 

(Add  details  concerning  any  posts,  pole- 
steps,  ornamental  treatment  desired,  etc.) 


Conduit  System . Two  - Wire. 

No  wires  shall  be  run  in  contact  with  any 
part  of  the  building  material,  but  the  building 
shall  be  equipped  from  the  source  of  supply 
to  each  outlet  with  the  insulating  conduits  of 

in  such  manner  as  to  provide  continuous 

channels  or  raceways  for  the  wires.  The  con- 
tinuity of  each  tube  employed  for  this  pur- 
pose shall  be  such  as  would  be  required  if  it 
were  to  be  used  for  conveying  water  or  gas. 
Strict  compliance  with  this  requirement  will 
be  demanded. 

In  order  that  every  wire  may  be  at  all  times 
accessible  for  inspection,  repairs,  or  renewals 


113.  Suspen 
sion  of 
Lumps. 


114.  Method 
of  Wiring. 


115.  Aeee.ssi 
bility. 


88 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


116.  Appli- 
ances. 


117.  Placing 
of  Conduits. 


118.  Outlets 
and  Lights. 


119.  System. 


120.  Variation 
in  Pressure. 


121.  Insula- 
tion. 


122.  Insulation 
Resistance. 


without  injury  to  the  building,  the  location, 
sectional  division,  joining,  intermediate  and 
terminal  elbowing,  the  placing  of  switches, 
cut-outs,  and  junction  boxes,  and  the  final 
emergence  of  the  tube  beyond  the  finished 
surface  at  the  fixture  outlet  shall  be  done  in 
strict  compliance  with  this  specification. 

All  appliances  employed  shall  be  such  as 
are  especially  adapted  for  use  in  conjunction 
with  the  conduit  system. 

All  conduits  shall  be  placed  in  position 
I after6  | ^ie  plastering  is  done,  and  shall  be 

firmly  secured  j-  walls  and  ceil- 

ings. 

(See  p.  77,  sec.  83.) 

(See,  p.  77,  sec.  84.) 

(See  p.  77,  sec.  85.) 

All  single  conductors  shall  be  insulated 

with . All  duplex  conductors  shall  be 

insulated  with . Duplex  conductors  and 

all  single  conductors  larger  than 

| B W^G  | ke  stranded. 

(See  p.  78,  sec.  87.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


89 


From  the  switchboard  (or  centre  of  distri- 
( risers  ) 

bution) ■<  groups  of  risers  r shall  be  car- 

( feeders  ) 


( Riser  ) 

ried  to  the  following  points:  < Group  r No.  1 

{ Feeder  ) 

( riser  ) 

to , < group  > No.  2 to , etc. 

( feeder  ) 


1 riser  ) 

Every  conductor  in  each  j group  of  risers  > 

( feeder  ) 

and  main  shall  be  provided  with  an  inde- 
pendent tube. 

( Riser  ) 

■<  Group  [-  No.  1 shall  feed  all  lights  (loca- 
( Feeder  ) 


{riser  ) 

group  > No.  2 shall  feed,  etc. 
feeder  ) 


From  the 


switchboard  ) 

centre  of  distribution  j 


the 


-j  fee(jers  j-  shall  be  carried  to and  thence 

upward  in  (channels,  elevator  shaft,  etc., 
with  location)  to  their  respective  junction 
boxes. 


From  the  -j  feeder  | Junction  boxes  mains 

shall  be  carried  to  secondary  junction  boxes 
where  all  tap  lines  shall  centre.  From 


123.  Sub- 
division of 
S Risers  ) 
l Feeders  \ • 


124.  Location 
of 

S Risers  > 

( Feeders  $ • 


125.  Mains  (If 
taps  terminate 
in  secondary 
junction 
boxes). 


90  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

-j  £^jpr  j-  No.  1 shall  be  carried mains 

\ riser  ) 

terminating  at ; from  ^ fee(jer  j-  No.  2,  etc. 

i26.  Taps.  (Note. — In  certain  cases  it  is  advisable  to 

run  the  circuits  in  such  a manner  that  no 
room  shall  be  dependent  on  one  circuit  only; 
if  so  desired,  it  should  be  added  under  this 
heading.) 

( riser  ) 

From  the  - feeder  - junction  boxes  distrib- 
( main  ) 

uting  circuits  shall  be  run  to  the  various  out- 
lets as  specified  in  the  schedule  and  located 
on  the  plans.  For  all  taps  duplex  conductor 
requiring  but  one  tube  may  be  employed  pro- 
vided the  current  required  does  not  exceed 
amperes. 

12Vox£tiou  The  terminals  of  all  the  | [ mains 

and  taps  shall  be  brought  together  in  junc- 
tion boxes  at  the  points  designated  in  this 
specification  and  on  the  plans,  [and  connected 
with  their  respective  cut-outs  and  switches; 
(unless  the  wiring  contractor  does  not  furnish 
cut-outs  and  switches,  in  which  case  add:  in 
such  a way  as  to  permit  the  easy  and  conven- 
ient insertion  of  the  cut-outs  and  switches 
specified.)]. 


128.  Cut-Outs. 


(See  p.  81,  sec.  94.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


91 


(See  p.  81,  sec.  95.) 

(See  p.  81,  sec.  96.) 

Where  no  gas  pipes  or  other  support  for  the 
fixture  exists,  the  special  form  of  terminal 
box  designed  to  furnish  such  support  shall  be 
employed  and  shall  be  substantially  fixed  to 
a suitable  foundation  in  the  ceiling  or  wall. 

All  tubes  shall  be  of  sufficient  size  to  allow 
the  wires  to  be  readily  drawn  in,  withdrawn 
and  reinserted  at  will.  A quarter-inch  tube 
will  be  permitted  only  where  space  is  ex- 
tremely limited. 

Tubes,  whether  concealed  or  on  the  sur- 
face, should  be  held  in  place  by  metal  clips; 
the  use  of  staples  for  such  purpose  will  not  be 
allowed  where  it  can  be  avoided. 

The  tubes  shall  be  cut  squarely,  reamed  out 
smoothly,  and  the  ends  joined  by  the  use  of 
the  coupling  designed  for  that  purpose. 

Where  more  than  four  elbows  are  unavoid- 
able an  intersection  box  shall  be  inserted  to 
relieve  both  the  wires  and  the  tubes  of  strain 
when  the  wires  are  being  drawn  in. 

All  tubes  shall  emerge  at  outlets  in  termi- 
nal boxes,  leaving  the  outlets  so  protected  as 
not  to  be  injured  by  the  plasterers. 


129.  Fuses. 
130.  Switches. 

Nr 

131.  Fixture 
Supports. 

132.  Sizes  of 
Tubes. 


133.  Clips. 


134.  Joints. 


135.  Elbow 
Limitations. 


136.  Outlets. 


92 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


13wm-k°r  To  §uar^  a»ainst  mechanical  injury  and 
the  destructive  action  of  cement,  all  floor  con- 
duits shall  be  made  of  double  tube,  one  tele- 
scoped within  the  other,  and  both  the  outer 
and  inner  tubes  joined  in  the  usual  manner. 
The  outer  tube  shall,  in  the  case  of  contact 
with  cement,  be  alkali  proof.  As  a further 
protection,  floor  tubes  shall  be  covered  during 
construction  with  a light  board.  Such  other 
precautions  shall  be  taken  to  insure  the  safety 
of  the  tubes  as  the  character  of  the  building 
and  work  require. 

i?s.  srpara-  Each  side  of  circuits  carrying  more  than 

amperes  shall  be  run  in  a separate  tube. 

Wires  forming  parts  of  two  distinct  circuits 
shall  in  no  case  be  inclosed  in  the  same  tube. 


139.  Meter 
Outlets. 

(See  p.  82,  sec.  98.) 

140.  Elevator 
Lights. 

(See  p.  82,  sec.  99.) 

141.  Additions 
an  i Deduc- 

(See p.  83,  sec.  101.) 

tions. 

142  Instruc- 
tion. 

(See  p.  83,  sec.  102.) 

143.  Hanging 
of  Fixtures. 

(See  p.  83,  sec.  103.) 

144.  Wiring  and 
Attaching 
Sockets  to  Fix- 
tures Already 
in  Place. 

(See  p.  84,  sec.  104.) 

145.  Suspension 
of  Sockets  and 
Lamps. 

(See  p.  84,  sec.  105.) 

146.  Three- 
Wire  System. 

(See  p.  85,  sec.  106.) 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


93 


(See  p.  85,  sec.  107.) 


Interior  Wiring  for  Central  Station  Plants . 

This  specification  contemplates  the  com- 
plete installation  of , c.  p.,  incan- 

descent lamps  located  in  blocks  as  designated 
on  the  plans  hereto  attached  and  made  a part 
of  this  specification. 

(See  p.  75,  sec.  79.) 

(See  p.  70,  sec.  80.) 

(See  p.  70,  sec.  81.) 

(Note. — Specify  whether  bids  for  two-wire 
direct-current  systems  only,  for  three-wire 
direct-current,  for  two-wire  alternating  cur- 
rent, or  for  any  system  will  be  considered.) 

The  fall  of  potential  between  the  service 
cut-out  and  the  most  distant  lamp  in  any 
building  shall  not  exceed per  cent. 

All  wires  used  inside  of  buildings  shall  be 
insulated  with . 

( open  cleat ) 

All  wiring  shall  be  < molding  - work, 

( concealed  ) 

neat  in  its  mechanical  appearance  and 
arrangement. 


147.  Three- 
Wire  System 
Adapted  to 
tin*  Two  Wire 
System. 


148.  Number 
of  Lights. 


149.  Fixtures, 


150.  Lamps. 


151.  Sockets. 


152  System. 


153.  Variation 
in  Pressur/}. 


154.  Insula- 
tion. 


155.  Character 
of  the  Work. 


94 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


156.  Circuits. 


157.  Cut-Outs 
ami  Switches. 


158.  Meters. 


159.  Suspen- 
sion of 
Lamps. 


160.  Molding. 


161.  Additions 
and  Deduc- 
tions. 

162.  Instruc- 
tion. 


No  distributing  circuit  shall  carry  more 

than amperes.  In  buildings  requiring  a 

greater  supply  of  current  the  lights  shall  be 
divided  into  circuits ; these  circuits  shall  be 
brought  together  at  convenient  and  accessible 
centres  of  distribution,  where  all  branch  cut- 
outs shall  be  placed. 

Each  branch  circuit  shall  be  provided  with 
a double-pole  cut-out.  The  switches  specified 
below  shall  be  furnished  and  installed.  All 
cut-outs  and  switches  shall  be  mounted  on 
incombustible  bases. 

(List  of  numbers  and  sizes  of  switches.) 


(See  p.  70,  sec.  82.) 

(All)  lamps  shall  be  suspended  with  flexible 
cord  pendants  from  double-pole  ceiling  cut- 
outs, the  average  length  of  the  pendants  to  be 
— — . This  contractor  is  to  furnish  all  neces- 
sary   cord,  ceiling  cut-outs,  and  socket 

bushings.  In  both  cut-outs  and  sockets  the 
cord  shall  be  knotted  so  that  no  weight  shall 
come  on  the  binding  screws. 

(See  p.  82,  sec.  100.) 

(See  p.  83,  sec.  101.) 

(See  p.  83,  sec.  102.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING!  GRLCIEICATIONS. 

(See  p.  83,  sec.  103.) 

(May  require  slight  modification.) 

(See  p.  84,  sec.  104.) 

(May  require  slight  modification.) 


POLE  LINES. 

Loir  Potential — Direct  Current  System— Two 
or  Three -Wire. 

(The  purchaser)  shall  secure  all  franchises, 

rights  of  way,  and  permits  from  the 

authorities  and  abutting  property  owners  for 
the  erection  and  guying  of  poles  and  stringing 
of  wires  along  the  routes  on  the  map  hereto 
attached  and  made  a part  of  this  specifica- 
tion, shall  make  all  necessary  arrangements 
with  companies  already  having  pole  lines  on* 
any  part  of  the  same  route  for  crossing,  rais- 
ing, lowering,  or  otherwise  moving  their 
wires,  and  for  using,  moving,  or  changing 
their  poles,  cross-arms,  etc. ; shall  do  all 
necessary  trimming  of  trees;  and  in  every 
reasonable  way  shall  secure  and  furnish 
facilities  for  the  uninterrupted  continuance  of 
the  work  to  its  completion. 

The  lights  shall  be  supplied  by  circuits 
divided  as  follows : etc. 

All  circuits  shall  be  controlled  by  switches 
placed  (location.) 


05 


163.  linn  sing 
of  Fixtures. 


164.  Wiring 
and  Attach- 
ing Sockets 
to  Fixtures 
Already  in 
Place. 


165.  Fran 
chises  and 
Permits. 


166.  Division 
of  Circuits. 


167.  Point  of 
Control. 


06 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


168  Poles. 

160.  Setting 
and  Guying. 


170.  Distances. 

171-  Painting, 

172.  Gains  and 
Cross-Arms, 


The  pole  line  shall  be  composed  of  straight, 

select,  shaved poles,  sound  and  free  from 

shakes,  checks  or  large  knots;  poles  subject 
to  extra  strain  shall  be  specially  selected  and 
of  ample  strength  to  bear  the  strain. 

All  poles  must  be  set of  their  length  in 

the  ground  and  solidly  tamped,  must  measure 

not  less  than in  diameter  at  the  top,  and 

the  distance  from  the  ground  line  to  the  low- 
est cross-arm  shall  be  not  less  than . Cor- 

ner, terminal,  and  other  poles  subject  to  extra 
strain  shall  be  securely  guyed  wherever  pos- 
sible; where  impossible  to  guy  them,  they 
shall  be  set  with  such  rake  and  to  such  extra 
depth  that  the  strain  shall  not  pull  them 
beyond  the  vertical  position,  allowance  being 
made  for  the  action  of  water  and  frost. 

No  two  consecutive  poles  shall  be  set  at  a 

greater  distance  apart  than , except  by 

special  permission  from , and  all  poles 

carrying  heavy  feeders  or  mains  shall  be  set 
not  more  than apart. 

(As  desired.) 

Gains  shall  be  carefully  cut  so  that  the 
cross-arms  make  a snug  fit  and  stand  at  right 
angles  to  the  pole. 

Cross-arms  shall  be  of , thoroughly  sea- 

soned, sound  and  free  from  large  knots; 
painted ; the  vertical  distance  between 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


97 


cross-arms  shall  not  be  less  than . Double 

cross-arms  must  be  placed  on  terminal  poles 
and  corner  poles  carrying  wires  larger  than 

j B W G \ ^ &U  corners  making  an 

angle  greater  than two  sets  of  cross-arms 

shall  be  used  placed  at  the  proper  angle  to 
each  other. 


Pins  shall  be  of  selected , shall  fit  closely 

in  the  cross-arms  and  be  nailed  in  place. 

Insulators  shall  be  of  glass, pattern, 

and  of  a size  suitable  for  the  wire  they  are  to 
hold. 


All  poles  on  which  cut-outs  are  placed  shall 
be  stepped. 

(Note. — Specify  character  of  soil,  as  loam, 
sand,  etc. ; also  whether  rock  will  be  met 
with,  marsh  land,  quicksands,  etc.,  requiring 
special  work.) 


All  feeder,  main,  and  pressure  wires  shall  be 
( of  bare  copper  wire ; ) 1T 

1 insulated  with  \]  a11  service  wires 

shall  be  insulated  with . 

All  wires  shall  be  so  handled  as  to  avoid 
kinking;  wagons,  drays,  etc.,  shall  not  be 
allowed  to  drive  over  them ; they  shall  not  be 
dragged  along  the  ground,  over  cross-arms  cr 
through  trees  in  such  a way  as  to  injure  the 
insulation;  and  shall  not  be  allowed  to  sag 


173.  Pins  and 
Insulators. 


174.  Steps. 


175.  Soil. 


176.  Wiring. 


98 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


177.  Joints 


178.  Lightning 
Arresters. 


170.  Maximum 
Fall  of 
Potential. 


unduly  between  supports,  allowance  being 
made  for  expansion  and  contraction  with 
changes  of  temperature.  All  necessary  and 
proper  precautions  shall  be  taken  in  passing- 
over,  through,  or  near  buildings  of  every 
description,  through  trees,  crossing  other 
lines,  turning  corners,  etc. 

Pressure  wires  shall  be  carried  from  the 
(switchboard)  to  each  centre  of  distribution 
unless  such  centres  are  connected  by  an 
equalizing  main,  in  which  case  the  pressure 
wires  shall  be  carried  to  a point  on  the  equal- 
izing main  electrically  equidistant  from  the 
centres  of  distribution  which  it  connects. 

Joints  shall  be  mechanically  strong  and 
secure  so  that  no  movement  of  the  two  ends 
relatively  to  each  other  is  possible,  and  shall 
be  carefully  sweat-soldered,  the  joint  being 
wiped  free  from  any  excess  of  flux ; the  solder 
shall  be  relied  on  only  to  give  good  electrical 
connection. 

An  efficient  lightning  arrester  shall  be 
placed  on  the  pole,  connected  to  the  line  and 
to  a permanent  ground  for  every of  con- 

ductor. 

The  mains  shall  be  so  proportioned  that  the 
maximum  fall  of  potential  between  the  centre 
of  distribution  and  any  service  cut-out,  in- 
cluding the  loss  in  any  transforming  device, 
shall  not  exceed per  cent,  under  full  load. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


90 


Alternating  Current  System. 

(Note. — The  specification  for  the  low  poten-  l81°1'.lfi'1[,e/'' 
tial  system,  p.  95  et  seq.,  may  be  followed  in  System, 
general.  There  should  be  added  a specifica- 
tion for  placing  converters  on  poles  where  so 
required,  and  for  running  secondary  mains 
where  a single  converter  supplies  a number 
of  buildings,  including  the  distance  that  the 
secondary  main  must  be  kept  from  the  pri- 
mary.) 

Street  Lighting  Circuits — Arc  or  Incandescent. 

(Note. — The  specification  for  the  low  poten- 
tial  system,  p.  95  et  seq.,  may  be  followed  in  ” enita. 
general,  but  the  following  additions  and  mod- 
ifications should  be  introduced.) 

(Add  to  sec.  168,  p.  96.)  m.  Poles. 

Lamp  poles  shall  be  not  less  than in 

length,  with  tops  not  less  than in  dia- 
meter, and  set of  their  length  in  the 

ground. 

(Add  to  Sec.  172,  p.  96.)  'cros^Ami'"1 

Where  there  is  but  a single  wire  on  a pole  a 
bracket  may  be  used  instead  of  a cross-arm. 

Where  necessary  break -arms  shall  be  used  to 
carry  wires  from  the  line  out  to  the  lamp. 


100 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


184.  Steps. 


185.  Suspen- 
sion of  Lamps. 


186.  Fixtures 
(Incandes- 
cent). 


187.  Fixtures 
(Arc.  See  also 
tSecs.  69,  70,  71, 
72,  73  and  74). 


(Note. — Steps  may  be  desirable  on  lamp 
poles,  if  so  add  to  sec.  174,  p.  97.) 

Lamps  shall  be  suspended  at  the  places 
located  on  the  attached  map  by  means  of 
(brackets,  mast-arms,  cross  suspension,  etc.) 
The  bottom  of  the  lamp  to  be  not  less  than 
above  the  roadway. 

The  lamps  and  fixtures  must  be  secured 
against  damage  or  interference  through  ordi- 
nary wind  storms,  and  all  wires  so  connected 
that  there  shall  be  a minimum  danger  of 
short-circuiting  or  grounding. 

The  following  fixtures  and  appliances  shall 
be  furnished  and  erected : 

water-proof  hoods  complete  with  re- 
flectors, sockets,  and  i^iacket  _ l 
’ ’ { cross-suspension  f 

attachments. 

goose-neck  brackets,  in  length 

complete  with  post-socket  or  flange  and 
the  necessary  guy  wires. 

sleet-proof  pulleys. 

feet inch  weather-proof  rope  for 

raising  and  lowering  lamps. 

double  cleats  for  winding  up  surplus 

rope. 

feet inch  rope  for  suspending 

lamps, , c.  p. volt  lamps. 

water-proof  circuit  cut-outs  for  cutting 

out  circuits  inside  buildings  from  the 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


101 


exterior  circuit.  The  “ Off”  and  “ On”  posi- 
tions shall  he  plainly  marked,  and  the 
switch  shall  be  so  constructed  that  when 
at  the  position  marked  “ Off”  the  wires  on 
the  inside  shall  be  entirely  cut  out  of  the 
main  circuit. 

— outriggers, in  length  for  attaching 

to  the  exterior  of  buildings. 

— outriggers, in  length  for  attaching 

to  poles. 

— j plain  I pole  tops. 

( ornamental  \ r r 

— mast-arms, in  length,  with  proper 

arrangement  for  raising  and  lowering 
lamps.  Bidders  shall  submit  design  of 
mast-arm  recommended. 

— sleet-proof  pulleys. 

— feet inch  weather-proof  rope  for 

raising  and  lowering  lamps. 

, , • i S weather-proof  rope ) 

feet inch  ] o+ F j- 


\ stranded  cable 


for  suspending  lamps 
( double  cleats  ) 

( windlasses  f 
plus  rope. 


for  winding  up  sur- 


(Note. — The  specification  for  wiring  must  m wiring, 
be  made  up  with  reference  to  the  system  or 
systems  to  be  installed,  whether  parallel  or 
series  wiring  with  incandescent  or  arc  lamps, 
or  a combination  of  systems.) 


(Note.— The  point  at  which  street  lighting  m Point  of 
circuits  will  be  controlled  will  depend  much 


102 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


on  the  system  adopted  and  on  local  con- 
ditions ; it  is  sometimes  absolutely  necessary 
that  they  shall  be  controlled  from  the  station ; 
in  other  cases  for  the  sake  of  economy  or  con- 
venience it  is  desirable  to  have  them  con- 
trolled from  some  other  point  such  as  the  cen- 
tre of  distribution.) 

All  street  lighting  circuits  shall  be  con- 
trolled by  switches  at  (location). 

100.  Additions  While  the  schedule  is  intended  to  represent 
tions.  c very  closely  the  number  of  lights  to  be 
installed,  yet  as  some  changes  may  become 
necessary  during  the  process  of  construction, 
each  bidder  shall  name  in  his  proposal  a price 
to  be  added  to  or  deducted  from  the  contract 
price  for  each  light  installed  in  excess  of  the 
number  specified  or  which  shall  be  canceled, 
provided  such  addition  or  cancellation  involves 
no  change  in  the  work  already  completed, 
and  shall  be  along  the  line  of  existing  circuits. 
The  price  shall  include  lamp,  fixtures,  extra 
poles  required,  and  labor. 

l91hkmtruc"  (See  P-  83>  sec-  102-) 

192.  schedules.  jn  order  to  tabulate  clearly  and  concisely 
the  location  and  number  of  outlets  for  lights, 
switches,  and  meters,  together  with  the  num- 
ber of  lights  per  outlet  in  each  individual 
case,  and  the  capacity  of  each  switch  and 
meter,  also  the  location,  catalogue  number, 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


103 


and  incidental  information  on  each  fixture 
and  shade,  the  attached  schedules  will  often 
he  found  of  great  convenience;  indeed,  in 
making  up  estimates,  such  schedules  are 
almost  indispensable,  and  will  prove  of  very 
considerable  assistance  if  incorporated  in  the 
specification.  They  will  also  be  found  useful 
in  checking  the  accuracy  with  which  the 
details  have  been  taken  from  the  plans  and 
an  aid  in  checking  the  work  during  construc- 
tion, since  they  give  the  detailed  distribution 
in  a concise  form,  free  from  distracting 
explanatory  clauses  or  directions,  and  are 
more  convenient  and  accessible  than  plans ; 
plans,  too,  often  have  the  disadvantage  of 
containing  details  foreign  to  the  electrical 
work,  which  may  confuse  and  mislead. 

The  shade  schedule  can  often  be  incorporated 
in  the  fixture  schedule.  The  catalogue  num- 
ber of  fixtures  is  added  in  this  schedule  in 
order  to  keep  in  mind  the  exact  fixture  for 
which  a given  shade  is  intended,  thus  insuring 
against  mistakes  in  putting  them  on. 

In  the  fixture  schedule,  if  sockets  are  to  be 
furnished  by  another  contractor,  the  column 
for  same  may  be  cancelled.  As  a memo- 
randum notes  concerning  the  supplying  of 
insulating  joints  or  flanges,  the  wiring  of  fix- 
tures, etc.,  may  be  added.  The  item  “length” 
is  very  important  and  should  never  be  omit- 
ted. 

The  capacity  of  switches  is  often  marked  in 
lights,  and  is  so  given  in  the  schedule ; it  may, 


104  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

however,  often  be  advisable  to  designate 
them  by  their  current  carrying  capacity  in 
amperes  to  provide  for  the  use  of  low  volt  as 
well  as  high  volt  lamps.  The  form  of  schedule 
for  switches  can  also  be  used  for  meters,  but 
in  this  case  the  current  consumed  by  the  lamp 
should  be  given,  and  it  should  be  clearly 
specified  whether  the  meter  is  to  measure 
direct  currents  only,  alternating  currents 
only,  or  either  direct  or  alternating  currents, 
also  whether  two  or  three  wire. 

In  the  lamp  schedule  the  vertical  column 
of  outlets  gives  the  total  number  for  each 
location,  the  horizontal  line  across  the  bottom 
of  the  page  gives  the  total  number  of  outlets 
of  each  size  in  the  building,  the  sum  in  each 
case  should  be  the  same.  The  vertical 
column  of  lights  gives  the  total  number 
of  lights  in  tie  building,  this  sum  may 
be  checked  from  the  horizontal  line  of 
totals  by  multiplying  those  totals  by  the 
number  of  lights  per  outlet  given  at  the  top 
and  adding  the  results.  If  the  results  obtained 
by  the  two  methods  do  not  agree  some  mis- 
take has  been  made  either  in  the  arithmetical 
work  or  in  placing  outlets  under  the  wrong 
heading ; the  results,  to  be  correct,  must  agree. 
The  division  into  “side”  and  “ceiling”  outlets 
is  important  to  the  contractor,  since  the  quan- 
tity both  of  labor  and  material  required  is 
often  very  largely  dependent  upon  this  rela- 
tion, which  may  also  determine  the  method 
of  running  the  circuits. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


105 


Totals. 

Lights. 

3 

13 

6 

5 

t- 

Outlets. 

fi  w n o 

<M 

Light. 

Ceiling. 

i 

Ak 

Side. 

/A 

k - 

552 

Ceiling. 

rH 

1 ^ 

Side. 

1 

l 

r 

Four 

Light. 

Ceiling. 

- 

rH 

Side. 

s 

© 

Ceiling. 

1 H 

rH 

Side. 

Two 

Light. 

Ceiling. 

rH 

rH 

Side. 

- 

- 

Olio 

Light. 

Ceiling. 

- 

- 

Side. 

r-l  <M  rH 

e « 

O a 


U £ c3 


® o w 


^3  / 

// 


106 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


j-  SCHEDULE. 

Outlets  to  be  controlled  and  remarks. 

Total 

j Switches  | 
( Meters,  j" 

o3 

i— 1 

§ 

h! 

& 

Q 

o 

■>— i 

d 

c3 

Hi 

o 

6 

-H 

1-1 

CO 

X 

o 

• 

u 

o 

Hi 

-4-> 

o 

H 

ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


107 


108 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Specification  for  Steam  Plant . 

tkm  f«r  steam  (^°^e- — Though  technically  steam  engineer- 

pianr.  ‘ ing  is  not  within  the  province  of  the  electrical 
engineer,  yet  in  practice  electrical  and  steam 
engineering  are  so  intimately  associated,  and 
so  many  contractors  undertake  both  classes 
of  installation,  that  I am  constrained  to  add  a 
short  specification  for  a single-expansion, 
non  condensing  steam  plant  of  the  simplest 
type.  It  will  be  found  applicable  to  many, 
perhaps  the  majority,  of  central  station  plants 
up  to  100  h.  p.  or  150  h.  p , and  for  isolated 
plants  where  the  conditions  imposed  by  muni- 
cipal and  insurance  regulations,  consider- 
ations of  the  utilization  of  exhaust  steam,  or 
of  combining  a heating  and  power  plant,  and 
questions  of  a similar  nature  do  not  require 
special  attention. 

The  form  of  Warning,  Preamble,  and  Gen- 
eral Specification  are,  with  but  slight  changes, 
also  adapted  to  this  specification. 


This  contractor  shall  furnish  and  erect, 
complete  in  all  its  details,  the  following  steam 
plant : 


194.  Engines. 


condensin 


horizontal ) 
vertical  f 

j high-speed, 
I low-speed. 


single  cylinder,  non- 


cut-off en- 


gine^) especially  adapted  for  electric  light- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


109 


mg  service,  rated  at brake  h.  p.  at  

revolutions  per  minute,  with lbs.  initial 

steam  pressure  (above  the  atmosphere), 

lbs.  back  pressure,  and  cutting  off  at 

stroke.  When  operating  at  its  full  rated  load 
under  normal  and  regular  working  conditions 

| the^  | en8‘ille  shnU  be  guaranteed  not  to 

exceed  a steam  consumption  of lbs.  of  dry 

steam  per  brake  h.  p.  and  per  hour.  The  speed 
variation  between  no  load  and  full  load  shall 
be  guaranteed  not  to  exceed per  cent. 

| The^  | engine  sball  be  provided 

pulleys  ) 

a band  flywheel  \ 
face. 

All  material  and  workmanship  shall  be  of 
the  highest  grade;  all  parts  accurately  made 
to  standard  gauge  and  interchangeable;  all 
moving  parts  carefully  balanced ; all  valves 
and  packing  free  from  leakage. 

| It*16^  [ shah  operate  noiselessly  and  with- 
out pounding  or  vibration  when  set  on  suita- 
ble foundation. 


with 


in  diameter  by  — 


( The  [ engine  shall  be  provided  with  all  195.  Fittings. 

necessary  foundation  bolts  and  plates,  lubri- 
cators, oil  cups,  cans,  drips,  guards,  collect- 
ors, steam  and  exhaust  valves,  safety  cocks, 
etc.,  and  a full  set  of  wrenches  and  spanners. 


110 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


196.  Oil  Fil- 
ter (8). 


197.  Painting. 


198.  Founda- 
tions. 


Also  with  the  necessary  pipes,  valves,  and 
attachments,  permanently  connected  with  the 
engine,  for  taking  indicator  cards  from  both 
ends  of  the  cylinder  (at  once).  Indicators  to 
be  furnished  by  (the  purchaser). 


of 


oil  filter(s)  (each)  having  a capacity 


(As  required.) 


shall  be  done  by  the 


The  foundation(s)  for  the(se)  engine(s)  shall 
be  tuilt  by  the 

, and  shall  be  of  sufficient  length,  width 

and  depth  to  safely  and  firmly  sustain 

| its^1'  [ weiSht  and  all  strains  to  which 

| itTs"  aie  | subjected.  All  necessary  exca- 
vating or  filling  and  the  removal  of  all  debris 

the  height 

of  the  floor  line  above  the  ground  is . The 

foundation(s)  shall  be  surmounted  by  (a)  neat 

capstone^)  of upon  which  the  engine(s) 

shall  be  placed.  (If  capstones  are  not  specified, 
each  engine  should  he  provided  with  an  iron 
sub  base  or  bed  plate.)  The  foundations  shall 
be  of  such  height  that  the  driving  pulley (s) 

will  swing  | telow°f  1 the  floor '• 

(Character  of  the  soil  should  also  be  speci- 
fied.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


Ill 


(Note. — If  this  contractor  furnishes  plant 
complete,  this  section  can  be  put  before  final 
summary.) 

( they  ) 

operation  -j  - > shall  be  run  for  a period 

of days  by  competent  engineers  furnished 

by  the  contractor.  All  oil,  waste,  etc.,  and  a 

sufficient  supply  of  j aYuiteXfuel  j wiU 

be  furnished  by  (the  purchaser). 

This  contractor  shall  also  give  all  necessary 
instructions  to  the  engineer  of  (the  purchaser) 
for  the  proper  care,  maintenance,  and  opera- 
tion of  the  | j-  such  instructions 

to  he  given  during  the  trial  period  stipulated 
above. 


double  leather,  endless,  solid' 
“ “ * “ per- 

forated 


« link 
rubber 

cotton-leather 


► belts, 


_ rope,  etc., 

free  from  defects  of  any  kind, in  width 

by in  length,  and  capable  of  transmitting 

horse-power  at  a belt  speed  of . 


Such  renewal  parts  as  it  is  advisable  to  keep 
on  hand,  adding  hereto  an  itemized  list  of 
same. 


199.  Starting 
Plant  and  In- 
struction. 


200.  Belts. 


201.  Renewal 
Parts. 


112 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


202.  Summary.  (See  Note.— p.  47,  sec.  27.) 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely  the  fol- 
lowing summary: 

Number  of  engines  ....  

Size  of  cylinder 

Diameter  of  steam  pipe  . . . 

Diameter  of  exhaust  pipe  . . . 

Floor  space 

Brake  horse-power  ac revolutions, 

initial  steam  pressure,  — —back 

pressure,  cutting  off  at stroke  

Speed 

Variation  bet'veen  no  load  and  full 

load 

Number  of  pulleys  ....  

Dimensions  of  pulleys  . . . 

Steam  consumption  per  brake  horse- 
power and  per  hour  . . . 


203.  Counter- 
Shaft. 


1 turned  steel 
of  •<  hammered  iron 
f etc. 


in  diameter. 

f floor  stands, 

I drop  hangers, 

] post  hangers, 
^pedestals,  etc.  J 
(self-oiling)  boxes, 


shafting 


able, 

I Drop"*  | 
line  of  shaft 


complete  with  adjust- 


base  plates,  bolts, 


from 


j floor 
( ceiling  f 


to  centre 


Shafting  to  be  ) ^^^leats  } 

for  the  pulleys  specified  below,  and  (provided) 
with  all  necessary  collars,  guard  rings,  etc. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


113 


"plain  cast  iron, 
split  “ “ 

plain  wood, 
split  “ 
grooved,  etc. 
turned,  balanced,  and  provided 


► pulleys  accurately 


with 


Pullevs  to  be 


m 


bored, 

set  screws.  } 

key  seats  and  keys,  j 
diameter  by face,  and  capable  of  trans- 
mitting   liorse-power  at revolutions. 

, arm,  balanced  friction-clutch  pul- 
leys,   in  diameter  by face,  and  capa- 
ble of  transmitting liorse-power  at 

revolutions.  Each  pulley  to  be  provided  with 

a shifter  rig,  to  be  operated  from . 

The  clutch  must  pick  up  the  load  without 
shock  or  jar,  and  the  shifter  rig  must  be  posi- 
tive in  its  action,  not  liable  to  get  out  of  order, 
free  from  any  tendency  or  liability  to  be 
thrown  in  or  out  accidentally. 

( friction-clutch  couplings,  cut-off  coup- 

lings, compression  couplings,  plate  couplings, 
jaw  clutches,  etc.) 


(Note. — Specify  character  of  foundation 
upon  which  shafting  is  to  be  placed,  whether 
special  foundations  of  brick  or  stone,  floor 
timbers,  walls,  ceilings,  posts,  etc.) 


- — , , front  boiler(s)  (each)  rated  at 

horse-power. 

The  boiler(s)  shall  contain  not  less  than 

— — of  effective  heating  surface  and 

of  grate  area  per  rated  horse-power.  The 


204.  Pulleys. 


205.  Founda- 
tions. 


20G.  Boiler(s). 


114 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


207.  Fittings. 


208.  Setting. 


shell(s)  shall  be  made  of  steel  having  a tensile 

strength  of  not  less  than , and  shall  be 

tested  to pounds  hydrostatic  pressure. 

Bidders  shall  state  the  guaranteed  evapora- 
tion from  feed  water  at to  dry  steam  at 

pounds  gauge  pressure  per  rated  horse-power, 
and  per  hour,  and  the  amount  of con- 

sumed. 

I It 1G^  | s^ia^  ^e  inspected  and  insured  by 

a responsible  steam  boiler  insurance  com- 
pany, this  contractor  to  furnish  a certificate 
of  inspection  and  a policy  of  insurance  for 


| The^  | boiler  shall  be  provided  with  the 

necessary  lugs,  brackets,  plates,  bolts,  stays, 
anchor  and  binder  rods,  man  and  hand  poles, 
steam  and  blow-off  connections,  stop  and 
safety  valves,  pressure  gauge,  water  column, 
gauge  cocks  and  drip,  set  of  stoking  tools 

consisting  of , and  all  other  appliances 

properly  coming  under  this  head. 

The  boiler(s)  shall  be  set  in  masonry  in  a 
first-class  manner,  according  to  standard  prac- 
tice. This  contractor  to  do  all  necessary  exca- 
vating or  filling  for  the  foundation  (s)  and  to 
remove  all  debris.  The  foundation(s)  must  be 
firm  and  substantial.  All  material  shall  be 
such  as  is  especially  adapted  to  the  strains, 
stresses,  and  variations  in  temperature  to 
which  it  will  be  subjected. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


115 


(Specify  character  of  soil  upon  which  boil- 
ers will  be  placed.) 

Smoke  connections  of , having  an  area  209.  smoke 

, ! 1 .,1  ,,  , , -1  Connections 

, are  to  be  made  with  the  stack,  and  are 

to  be  provided  with dampers  and 

cleaning  doors  arranged  as  follows: . 

(Note.— Specify  material,  height,  capacity,  210.  stack, 
etc.) 

automatic  stoker(s)  of  standard  manu- 211^utomatic 

facture  connected , and  operated . 

(Specify  how  coal  is  to  be  delivered  to 
them.) 


, feed  pump(s)  of  standard  manu-  212.  Feed 

* * , i \ 1 • -x  n Pump(s)  and 

lacture  (each)  having  a capacity  01 , iujector(s). 

together  with injector (s)  as  an  auxiliary 

source  of  supply.  (Specify  suction  heads.) 

feed-water  heater(s)  [and  purifier(s)]  2i^Feed- 

of  standard  manufacture  (each)  having  a H^ater(s^dmd 

capacity  of heated  from to . 

(Specify  character  of  water  to  be  used,  and 
whether  exhaust  steam  is  to  be  used  for  any 
other  purpose  than  heating  feed-water.) 

separator(s)  of  standard  manufacture,  211.  separa- 

having  a capacity  of , and  a guaranteed 

efficiency  of . 

(Note. — Specify  kind  of  pipe  to  be  used,  215.  Piping, 
method  of  suspension,  all  distances,  locations 
of  pumps,  separators,  etc.,  headers  required, 


116 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


216.  Gauge 
Board. 


217.  Pipe 
Covering. 


walls  to  be  pierced,  auxiliary  connections, 
etc.  It  is  sometimes  very  desirable,  where  a 
number  of  engines  and  boilers  are  installed, 
to  place  a valve  in  the  main  steam  pipe  both 
near  the  boilers  and  near  the  engines  by 
either  of  which  steam  can  be  cut  off  from  all 
engines  at  once ; there  should  invariably  be 
in  addition  to  these  valves  a valve  in  each 
branch  so  that  steam  may  be  shut  off  from 
any  boiler  or  any  engine  without  interfering 
with  the  operation  of  the  remainder.) 

From  boiler(s)  to  engine(s) ; from  engine(s) 

to  heater(s),  and  from  heater(s)  to ; from 

boiler(s)  to  pump(s)  and  injector(s);  from 
pump(s)  and  injector(s)  to  (water  supply), 
and  from  pump(s)  to  feed-water  heater(s)  and 
exhaust  pipe ; together  with  all  check,  globe, 
gate,  angle,  safety  and  other  valves,  traps, 
catch  basins,  drips,  cocks,  gauges,  by-passes, 
and  other  devices  necessary  for  the  proper 
and  convenient  control  and  manipulation  of 
the  steam  and  water  supply.  Bends  and 
elbows  are  to  be  avoided  when  possible. 

A gauge  board  of shall  be  erected  in 

, and  the  following  instruments  mounted 

thereon: . Connection  shall  be  made  be- 
tween these  instruments  and in  the  fol- 
lowing manner . 

All shall  be  carefully  covered  with  a 

substantial,  non-lieat-conducting  material, 
such  as . 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


117 


(As  required.)  218.  Paintiug. 

Such  renewal  parts  as  it  is  advisable  to  219,P^sewal 
have  on  hand  shall  be  furnished,  a list  of 
same  to  be  added  hereto. 

(See  note. — p.  47,  sec.  27.)  22a.  summary. 

Each  bidder  shall  fill  out  completely  the  fol- 
lowing summary : 

Number  of  boilers  ....  

Rated  horse  power  ....  

Kind 

Diameter 

Length  

Number  of  tubes  ....  

Diameter  of  tubes  ....  

Heating  surface  ....  

Grate  area 

Tensile  strength  of  shell  . . 

Testing  pressure 

Guaranteed  evaporation  . . 

(Fuel)  per  horse-power  and  per  hour  . 

Outside  dimensions  of  setting  . 

Number  of  pumps  .... 

Capacity  of  each  .... 

Number  of  heaters  .... 

Capacity  of  each  ....  

Number  of  separators  .... 

Capacity  of  each  . 


118 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


RULES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  ELECTRIC 
LIGHT  ASSOCIATION. 


Adopted  at  Montreal,  Sept.  10,  1891,  and 
Amended  at  Buffalo , Feb.  23,  1892. 

CLASS  A.— CENTRAL  STATIONS. — FOR  LIGHT  OR 
POWER. 

These  Rules  also  Apply  to  Dynamo-Rooms  in 
Isolated  Plants,  Connected  With  or  De- 
tached from  Buildings  Used  for  Other 
Purposes.  Also  to  all  Varieties  of  Appa- 
ratus, of  both  High  and  Low  Potential. 

Generators  or  Motors — Must  be : 

1.  Located  in  a dry  place. 

2.  Insulated  on  floors  or  base  frames,  which 
must  be  kept  filled  to  prevent  absorption  of 
moisture,  and  also  kept  clean  and  dry. 

3.  Not  exposed  to  flying  or  combustible 
materials. 

4.  Each  covered  with  a waterproof  cover 
when  not  operating. 

In  no  case  must  a generator  be  placed  in  a 
room  where  any  hazardous  process  is  carried 
on,  such  as  the  working  room  of  a cotton, 
jute,  flax,  woolen  or  flour  mill. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


119 


Care  and  Attendance. — A competent  man 
must  be  kept  on  duty  in  the  room  where  gen 
erators  are  operating. 

Oily  waste  must  be  kept  in  metal  cans  and' 
removed  daily. 

Conductors.  — From  generators,  switch- 
boards, rheostats,  or  other  instruments,  and 
thence  to  outside  lines,  conductors  must  be : 

1.  In  plain  sight. 

2.  Wholly  on  non-combustible  insulators, 
such  as  glass  or  porcelain. 

3.  Separated  from  contact  with  floors,  par- 
titions or  walls  through  which  they  may  pass 
by  non-combustible  insulating  tubes. 

4.  Kept  rigidly  so  far  apart  that  they  can- 
not come  in  contact. 

5.  Covered  with  non-inflammable  insulating 
material  sufficient  to  prevent  accidental  con- 
tact. 

6.  Ample  in  carrying  capacity  to  prevent 
heating.  (See  Capacity  of  Wires  Table.) 

7.  Connected  by  splices  or  joints  equal  in 
carrying  capacity  to  the  conductors  them- 
selves, soldered,  it  necessary  to  make  them 
efficient  and  permanent. 

8.  When  under  floors  or  in  distributing 
towers,  placed  in  spaces  ample  for  inspection 
and  ventilation,  and  provided  with  special 
insulating  covering. 

Switchboards— Must  be : 

1.  So  placed  as  to  make  it  impossible  to 
communicate  fire  to  surrounding  combustible 
material;  accessible  from  all  sides  when  the 


120 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


connections  are  on  the  back ; or  may  be 
placed  against  a brick  or  stone  wall  when  the 
connections  are  entirely  on  the  face. 

2.  Kept  free  from  moisture. 

3.  Made  of  non-combustible  material,  or  of 
hard  wood,  filled  to  prevent  absorption  of 
moisture. 

4.  Equipped  with  bars  and  wires  in  accord- 
ance with  Rules  1,  2,  4,  5.  6,  and  7,  for  placing 
interior  conductors. 

Resistance  Boxes  and  Equalizers— Must  be: 

1.  Equipped  with  metal  or  non- combustible 
frames. 

2.  Treated  as  sources  of  heat. 

3.  Placed  on  the  switch,  or  a distance  of  a 
foot  from  comustible  material,  or  separated 
therefrom  by  asbestos  or  cement. 

Lightning  Arresters— Must  be : 

1.  Attached  to  each  side  of  every  overhead 
circuit  connected  with  the  station. 

2.  In  plain  sight. 

3.  On  the  switchboard,  or  in  an  equally 
accessible  place,  away  from  combustible 
material. 

4.  Connected  with  at  least  two  earths  by 
separate  wires  of  large  size. 

5.  So  constructed  as  not  to  maintain  an  arc 
after  the  discharge  has  passed. 

Testing. — All  series  and  alternating  circuits 
must  be  tested  every  two  hours  while  in  oper- 
ation to  discover  any  leakage  to  earth,  abnor- 
mal in  view  of  the  potential  and  method  of 
operation. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


121 


All  multiple  arc  low  potential  systems  (300 
volts  or  less)  must  be  provided  with  an  indi- 
cating or  detecting  device,  readily  attachable, 
to  afford  easy  means  of  testing  where  the  sta- 
tion operates  perpetually. 

Data  obtained  from  all  tests  must  be  pre- 
served for  examination  by  insurance  in- 
spectors. 

CLASS  B.—  ARC  (SERIES)  SYSTEM. 

Overhead  Conductors. — All  outside  overhead 
conductors  (including  services)  must  be: 

1.  Covered  with  some  insulating  material 
not  easily  abraded. 

2.  Firmly  secured  to  properly  insulated  and 
substantially  built  supports,  all  the  wires  hav- 
ing an  insulation  equal  to  that  of  the  con- 
ductors they  confine. 

3.  So  placed  that  moisture  cannot  form  a 
cross  connection  between  them,  not  less  than 
a foot  apart  and  not  in  contact  with  any  sub- 
stance other  than  proper  insulating  supports. 

4.  At  least  seven  feet  above  the  highest 
point  of  flat  roofs  and  at  least  one  foot  above 
the  ridge  of  pitched  roofs  over  which  they 
pass  or  to  which  they  are  attached. 

5.  Protected,  whenever  necessary,  in  view 
of  possible  accidents  to  conductors  or  sup- 
ports, from  possibility  of  contact  with  other 
conducting  wires  or  substances  to  which  cur- 
rent may  leak,  by  dead  insulated  guard  irons 
or  wires.  Special  precautions  of  this  kind 


122 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


must  be  taken  where  sharp  angles  occur,  or 
where  any  wires  might  possibly  come  in  con- 
tact with  electric  light  or  power  wires. 

6.  Provided  with  petticoat  insulators  of 
glass  or  porcelain.  Porcelain  knobs  and  rub- 
ber hooks  are  prohibited. 

7.  So  spliced  or  joined  as  to  be  both  mechan- 
ically and  electrically  secure  without  solder. 
They  must  then  be  soldered  to  insure  preser- 
vation, and  covered  with  an  insulation  equal 
to  that  on  the  conductors. 

The  following  formula  for  soldering  fluid  is 
approved : 

Saturated  solution  of  zinc  . . 5 parts. 

Alcohol 4 parts. 

Glycerine 1 part. 

Conductors  should  not  be  run  over  or 

attached  to  buildings  other  than  those  in 
which  light  or  power  is  being,  or  is  to  be, 
used,  but  on  separate  poles  or  structures 
always  easily  inspected. 

Service  Blocks  must  be  covered  over  their 
entire  surface  with  at  least  two  coats  of 
waterproof  paint,  and  so  maintained. 

Telegraph,  telephone,  and  similar  wires 
must  not  be  placed  on  the  same  arm  with 
electric  or  power  wires,  and  should  not  be 
placed  on  the  same  structure  or  pole. 

Interior  Conductors . 

All  Interior  Conductors— Must  be: 

1.  Where  they  enter  buildings  from  outside 
terminal  insulators  to  and  through  the  walls 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


123 


covered  with  waterproof  insulation,  and  must 
have  drip  loops  outside,  preferably  slanting  up- 
ward toward  the  inside, and  bushed  with  water- 
proof and  non-combustible  insulating  tube. 

2.  Arranged  to  enter  and  leave  the  building 
through  a double  contact  switch,  which  will 
effectually  close  the  main  circuit  and  discon- 
nect the  interior  wires  when  it  is  turned  “off.” 
The  switch  must  be  so  constructed  that  it 
shall  be  automatic  in  its  action,  not  stopping 
between  points  when  started,  and  prevent  an 
arc  between  the  points  under  all  circum- 
stances ; it  must  indicate  on  inspection  whether 
the  current  be  “on”  or  “off,”  and  be  mounted 
on  a non-combustible  base  in  a position  where 
it  can  be  kept  free  from  moisture,  and  easy 
of  access  to  police  or  firemen. 

3.  Always  in  plain  sight,  never  covered, 
except  in  special  cases,  where  an  armored  tube 
may  be  necessary. 

4.  Covered  in  all  cases  with  a waterproof 
non-combustible  material  that  will  adhere  to 
the  wire,  not  fray  by  friction,  and  bear  a tem- 
perature of  150  degrees  F.  without  softening. 

5.  In  dry  places,  kept  rigidly  apart  at  least 
ten  inches,  except  when  covered  (in  addition 
to  insulation) — by  a wraterproof,  non-conduct- 
ing and  non-inflammable  tubing,  which  must 
be  strong  enough  to  protect  the  insulating 
covering  from  injury.  Conductors  thus  placed 
may  be  run  not  less  than  three  inches  apart, 
and  be  fastened  with  staples,  under  which  are 
placed  mechanically  rigid  insulating  strips  or 


124 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


saddles  of  greater  width  than  the  metal  of  the 
staple,  by  which  possibility  of  injury  to  the 
tube  may  be  prevented. 

6.  In  damp  places,  attached  to  glass  or 
porcelain  insulators,  and  separated  ten  inches 
or  more. 

7.  When  passing  through  walls,  floors,  tim- 
bers, or  partitions,  treated  as  in  central  sta- 
tions under  like  conditions. 

Lamps  and  Other  Devices . 

Arc  Lamps — Must  be  in  every  case : 

1.  Carefully  isolated  from  inflammable  ma- 
terial. 

2.  Provided  at  all  times  with  a glass  globe 
surrounding  the  arc,  securely  fastened  upon 
a closed  base.  No  broken  or  cracKed  globes 
may  be  used. 

3.  Provided  with  a hand  switch,  also  an 
automatic  switch,  that  will  shunt  the  current 
around  the  carbons  should  they  fail  to  feed 
properly. 

4.  Provided  with  reliable  stops  to  prevent 
carbons  from  falling  out  in  case  the  clamps 
become  loose. 

5.  Carefully  insulated  from  the  circuit  in 
all  their  exposed  parts. 

6.  Where  inflammable  material  is  near  or 
under  the  lamps,  provided  with  a wire  net- 
ting around  the  globe  and  a spark  arrester 
above,  to  prevent  escape  of  sparks,  melted 
copper  or  carbon. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


125 


Incandescent  lamps  in  series  circuits,  hav- 
ing a maximum  potential  of  350  volts  or  over, 
must  be  governed  by  the  same  rules  as  for  arc 
lights,  and  each  series  lamp  provided  with  a 
hand  switch  and  automatic  cut-out  switch; 
when  lights  are  in  multiple  series,  such 
switches  and  cut-outs  must  not  control  less 
than  a single  group  of  lights.  Electro-mag- 
netic devices  for  switches  are  not  approved. 

Under  no  circumstances  will  incandescent 
lamps  on  series  circuits  be  allowed  to  be 
attached  to  gas  fixtures. 

CLASS  C. — INCANDESCENT  (LOW  PRESSURE)  SYS- 
TEMS.— 300  VOLTS  OR  LESS. 

Overhead  Conductors . 

Outside  Overhead  Conductors— Must  be : 

1.  Erected  in  accordance  with  general  rules 
for  arc  (series)  circuit  conductors. 

2.  Separated  not  less  than  six  inches,  where 
they  enter  buildings  as  service  conductors, 
and  be  provided  with  a double  pole  fusible 
cut-out,  as  near  as  possible  to  the  point  of 
entrance  to  the  building,  and  outside  the  walls 
when  practicable. 

Underground  Conductors. 

Underground  Conductors— Must  be: 

1.  Provided  with  suitable  protecting  devices 
at  the  ends  of  tube  or  conduit  services  in- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


side  the  walls  of  buildings,  as  a guard  against 
moisture  and  injury. 

2.  Terminated  at  a properly  placed  double- 
pole house  cut-out. 

3.  Of  specially  insulated  conductors  after 
leaving  the  tube  or  conduit,  and  separated  by 
at  least  10  inches,  until  the  double-pole  cut-out 
is  reached. 

Inside  Wiring. 

Wires  should  be  so  placed  that  in  the  event 
of  the  failure  or  deterioration  of  their  insula- 
ting covering  the  conductors  Avill  still  remain 
insulated. 

At  the  entrance  of  every  building  there 
shall  be  a double-pole  switch  placed  in  the 
service  conductors,  wrhereby  the  current  may 
be  entirely  cut  off. 

Conductors — Must  not  be : 

1.  Of  sizes  smaller  than  No.  1G  B.  & S.,  No. 
18  B.  W.  G.,  or  No.  3 E.  S.  G. 

2.  Lead  or  paraffine  covered. 

3.  Covered  with  soft  rubber  tube. 

4.  Laid  in  molding  of  any  kind  in  damp 
places. 

5.  Laid  in  moldings  Avith  open  grooves 
against  the  Avail  or  ceiling. 

6.  Laid  in  molding  AAThere  less  than  half  an 
inch  of  solid  insulation  is  betAveen  parallel 
wires,  and  betAveen  wires  and  Avails  or  ceilings. 

7.  Inside  conductors  must  not  be  laid  in 
plaster,  cement,  or  similar  finish  Avithout  an 
exterior  metallic  protection. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


127 


Cleatwork  is  not  desirable,  and  cleats  must 
not  be  used  unless — 

1.  In  a very  dry  place. 

2.  In  a place  perfectly  open  for  inspection  at 
any  time. 

3.  They  are  porcelain,  or  well  seasoned 
wood,  filled,  to  prevent  absorption  of  moisture. 

4.  They  are  so  arranged  that  wires  of  oppo- 
site polarity,  with  a difference  of  potential  of 
150  volts  or  less,  will  be  kept  at  least  two  and 
one-half  inches  apart,  and  that  where  a higher 
voltage  is  used,  this  distance  be  increased  pro- 
portionately. 

5.  There  is  a backing  provided,  of  wood  at 
least  half  an  inch  thick,  well  seasoned  and 
filled,  to  prevent  absorption  of  moisture. 
Metal  Staples  must  never  be  used  to  fasten 

conductors  unless — 

1.  Provided  with  an  insulating  sleeve  or 
saddle  rigidly  attached  to  the  metal  of  the 
staple,  and  having  such  strength  and  surface 
as  to  prevent  mechanical  injury  to  the  insula- 
tion of  the  conductor. 

2.  Under  conditions  in  which  cleatwork 
would  be  acceptable,  or  where  driven  into  a 
molding  specially  adapted  for  open  work. 

Special  Wiring . 

Wherever  conductors  cross  gas,  water,  or 
other  metallic  pipes,  or  any  other  conductors 
or  conducting  material  (except  arc  light 
wires),  they  should  be  separated  therefrom  by 
some  continuous  non-conductor  at  least  one 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


inch.  In  crossing  arc  light  wires  the  low-ten- 
sion conductors  must  be  placed  at  a distance 
of  at  least  six  inches.  In  wet  places  an  air 
space  must  be  left  between  conductors  and 
pipes  in  crossing;  and  the  former  must- be  run 
in  such  a way  that  they  cannot  come  in  con- 
tact with  the  pipe  accidentally.  Wires  should 
be  run  over  all  pipes  upon  which  condensed 
moisture  is  likely  to  gather,  or  which  by  leak- 
age might  cause  trouble  on  a circuit. 

In  rooms  where  inflammable  gases  exist  the 
incandescent  lamp  and  socket  must  be  inclosed 
in  a vapor-tight  globe.  This  is  not  understood 
to  include  rooms  where  illuminating  gases  are 
used  in  the  ordinary  manner. 

In  breweries,  stables,  dye-houses,  paper  and 
pulp  mills,  or  other  buildings  specially  liable 
to  moisture,  all  conductors,  except  where  used 
for  pendants,  must  be : 

1.  Separated  at  least  six  inches. 

2.  Provided  with  a durable  moisture-proof 
covering. 

3.  Supported  by  porcelain  or  glass  insula- 
tors. 

Moisture-proof  and  non-inflammable  tubing 
may  be  accepted  in  lieu  of  such  construc- 
tion. 

No  switches  or  fusible  cut-outs  will  be 
allowed  in  such  places. 

Interior  Conduits — Must  not  be: 

1.  Combustible. 

2.  Of  such  material  or  construction  that 
will  be  injured  by  plaster  or  cement,  or  other 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


129 


surrounding  material,  or  that  the  insulation 
of  the  conductor  will  be  ultimately  injured  or 
destroyed  by  the  elements. 

3.  So  constructed  or  placed  that  difficulty 
will  be  experienced  in  removing  or  replacing 
the  conductors. 

4.  Subject  to  mechanical  injury  by  saws, 
chisels,  or  nails. 

5.  Supplied  with  a twin  conductor  in  a 
single  tube  where  a current  of  more  than  10 
amperes  is  expected. 

6.  Depended  upon  for  insulation.  The  con- 
ductors must  be  covered  with  moisture-proof 
material. 

The  object  of  a tube  or  conduit  is  to  facili- 
tate the  insertion  or  extraction  of  the  con- 
ductors, to  protect  them  from  mechanical 
injury,  and  as  far  as  possible,  from  moisture. 

Twin  tube  conductors  must  not  be  separated 
from  each  other  by  rubber  or /Similar  mate- 
rial, but  by  cotton  or  other  readily  carboniza- 
ble  substance. 

Conductors  passing  through  walls  or  ceil- 
ings must  be  encased  in  a suitable  Tubing, 
which  must  extend  at  least  one  inch  be- 
yond the  finished  surface  until  frfx^y  mortar 
or  other  similar  material  be  entirely  ^ dry * 
when  the  projection  may  be  reduced  to  half 
an  inch. 

Double  Pole  Safety  Cut-outs— Must  be: 

1.  Placed  where  the  overhead  or  under- 
ground conductors  enter  a building  and  join 
the  inside  wires. 


jo 


130 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


2.  Placed  at  every  point  where  a change  is 
made  in  the  size  of  wires  (unless  the  cut-out 
in  the  larger  wire  will  protect  the  smaller.) 
This  includes  all  flexible  conductors.  All 
such  junctions  must  be  in  plain  sight. 

3.  Constructed  with  bases  of  non-combus- 
tible and  moisture-proof  material. 

4.  So  constructed  and  placed  that  an  arc 
cannot  be  maintained  between  the  terminals 
by  the  fusing  of  the  metal. 

5.  So  placed  that  on  any  combination  fixt- 
ure, no  group  of  lamps  requiring  a current 
of  six  amperes  or  more  shall  be  ultimately 
dependent  upon  one  cut-out. 

6.  Wherever  used  for  more  than  six  amperes 
(or  where  the  plug  or  equivalent  device  is  not 
used)  equipped  with  fusible  strips  or  wires 
provided  with  contact  surfaces  or  tips  of 
harder  metal  soldered  or  otherwise  having 
perfect  electrical  connection  with  the  fusible 
part  of  the  strip. 

Safety.  Fuses  must  be  so  proportioned  to 
the  conductors  they  are  intended  to  protect 
that  they  will  melt  before  the  maximum  safe 
carrying  capacity  of  the  wire  is  exceeded. 

All  fuses,  where  possible,  must  be  stamped 
or  otherwise  marked  with  the  number  of 
amperes  equal  to  the  safe  carrying  capacity 
of  the  wire  they  protect. 

All  cut-out  blocks,  when  installed,  must  be 
similarly  marked. 

The  safe  carrying  capacity  of  a wire  changes 
under  different  circumstances,  being  about  40 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


131 


per  cent,  less  when  the  wire  is  closed  in  a 
tube  or  piece  of  molding  than  when  bare  and 
exposed  to  the  air,  when  the  heat  is  rapidly 
radiated.  It  must  be  clearly  understood 
that  the  size  of  the  fuse  depends  upon  the 
size  of  the  smallest  conductor  it  protects, 
and  not  upon  the  amount  of  current  to 
be  used  on  the  circuit.  Below  is  a table 
showing  the  safe  carrying  capacity  of 
conductors  of  different  sizes  in  Birmingham, 
Brown  & Sharpe  and  Edison  gauges,  which 
must  be  followed  in  the  placing  of  interior 
conductors. 


/—Brown  & Sharpe.— s ✓ Birmingham. s /—Edison  Standard. 

Gauge  No.  Amperes.  Gauge  No.  Amperes.  Gauge  No.  Amperes. 


0000 

175 

0000 

175 

200 

175 

000 

145 

000 

150 

180 

160 

00 

120 

00 

130 

140 

135 

0 

100 

0 

110 

110 

110 

1 

95 

1 

95 

90 

95 

2 

70 

2 

85 

80 

85 

3 

60 

3 

75 

65 

75 

4 

50 

4 

65 

55 

65 

5 

45 

5 

60 

50 

60 

6 

35 

6 

50 

40 

50 

7 

30 

7 

45 

30 

40 

8 

24 

8 

35 

25 

35 

10 

20 

10 

30 

20 

30 

12 

15 

12 

20 

12 

20 

14 

10 

14 

15 

8 

15 

16 

5 

16 

10 

5 

10 

18 

5 

3 

5 

Switches— Must: 

1.  Be  mounted  on  moisture-proof  and  incom- 
bustible bases,  such  as  slate  or  porcelain. 

2.  Be  double  pole  when  the  circuits  which 
they  control  are  connected  to  fixtures  attached 
to  gas  pipes,  and  when  six  amperes  or  more 
are  to  pass  through  them. 

3.  Have  a firm  and  secure  contact,  must 
make  and  break  readily,  and  not  stick  when 


132 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


motion  has  once  been  imparted  by  the 
handle. 

4.  Have  carrying  capacity  sufficient  to  pre- 
vent heating  above  the  surrounding  atmos- 
phere. 

5.  Be  placed  in  dry  accessible  places,  and 
be  grouped  as  far  as  possible,  being  mounted, 
when  practicable,  upon  slate  or  equally  inde- 
structible back  boards. 

Motors. — In  wiring  for  motive  power,  the 
same  precautions  must  be  taken  as  with  the 
current  of  the  same  volume  and  potential  for 
lighting.  The  motor  and  resistance  box  must 
be  protected  by  a double-pole  cut-out  and 
controlled  by  a double-pole  switch. 

Arc  Lights  on  Low  Potential  Circuits — 
— Must  be: 

1.  Supplied  by  branch  conductors  not  smaller 
than  No.  12  B.  & S.  gauge. 

2.  Connected  with  main  conductors  only 
through  double-pole  cut-outs. 

3.  Only  furnished  with  such  resistances  or 
regulators  as  are  inclosed  in  non-combustible 
material,  such  resistances  being  treated  as 
sources  of  heat. 

4.  Supplied  with  globes  protected  as  in  the 
case  of  arc  lights  on  high  potential  circuits. 

Fixture  Work. 

1.  In  all  cases  where  conductors  are  con- 
cealed within  or  attached  to  fixtures,  the  lat- 
ter must  be  insulated  from  the  gas  pipe  sys- 
tem of  the  building. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


133 


2.  When  wired  outside,  the  conductors 
must  be  so  secured  as  not  to  be  cut  or  abraded 
by  the  pressure  of  the  fastening’s,  or  motion 
of  the  fixtures. 

3.  All  conductors  for  fixture  work  must  have 
a waterproof  insulation  that  is  durable  and  not 
easily  abraded,  and  must  not  in  any  case  be 
smaller  than  No.  16  B.  & S.,  No.  18  B.  W.  G.. 
or  No.  3 E.  S.  G. 

4.  All  burrs  or  fins  must  be  removed  before 
the  conductors  are  drawn  into  a fixture. 

5.  The  tendency  to  condensation  within  the 
pipes  must  be  guarded  against  by  sealing  the 
upper  end  of  the  fixture. 

6.  No  combination  fixture  in  which  the  con- 
ductors are  concealed  in  a space  less  than  one- 
fourth  inch  between  the  inside  pipe  and  the 
outside  casing  will  be  approved. 

7.  Each  fixture  must  be  tested  for  possible 
“contacts”  between  conductors  and  fixture, 
and  for  “short  circuits,”  before  the  fixture  is 
connected  to  its  supply  conductors. 

8.  The  ceiling  blocks  of  fixtures  should  be 
made  of  insulating  material. 

Electric  Gas-Lighting . 

Where  electric  gas-lighting  is  to  be  used  on 
the  same  fixture  with  the  electric  light : 

1.  No  part  of  the  gas  piping  or  fixture  shall 
be  in  electrical  connection  with  the  gas-liglit- 
ing  circuit. 

2.  The  wires  used  with  the  fixture  must 
have  a non-inflammable  insulation,  or  where 


134 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


concealed  between  the  pipe  and  shell  of  the  fix- 
ture the  insulation  must  be  such  as  is  required 
for  fixture  wiring  for  the  electric  light. 

3.  The  whole  installation  must  test  free 
from  “grounds.” 

4.  The  two  installations  must  test  perfectly 
free  of  connection  with  each  other. 

Pendants  and  Sockets . 

No  portion  of  the  lamp  socket  exposed  to 
contact  with  outside  objects  must  be  allowed 
to  come  into  electrical  contact  with  either  of 
the  conductors. 

Cord  Pendants — Must  be : 

1.  Made  of  conductors,  each  of  which  is 
composed  of  several  strands  insulated  from 
the  other  conductor  by  a mechanical  separa- 
tor of  carbonizable  material,  and  both  sur- 
rounded in  damp  places  with  a moisture-proof 
and  a non-inflammable  layer. 

2.  Protected  by  insulating  bushings  where 
the  cord  enters  the  socket. 

3.  So  suspended  that  the  entire  weight  of 
the  socket  and  lamp  will  be  borne  by  knots, 
above  the  points  where  the  cord  comes  through 
the  ceiling  block  or  rosette,  in  order  that  the 
strain  may  be  taken  from  the  joints  and  bind- 
ing screws.  All  sockets  used  for  wire  or  cord 
pendants  should  have  openings  at  least  equal 
to  one-quarter  inch  gas  pipe  size. 

4.  Allowed  to  sustain  nothing  heavier  than  a 
four-light  cluster,  and  in  such  a case  sufficient 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


135 


provision  should  be  made  by  an  extra  heavy 
cord  or  wire,  as  a mechanical  reinforce- 
ment. 

5.  Equipped  with  keyless  sockets  as  far  as 
practicable,  controlled  by  wall  switches.  In 
no  case  may  a lamp  giving  more  than  fifty 
(50)  candle-power  be  placed  in  a key  socket 
on  a flexible  pendant. 

CLASS  D.— ALTERNATING  SYSTEMS. 

Converters  or  Transformers . 

Converters — Must  not: 

1.  Be  placed  inside  of  any  building  except 
the  central  station  unless  as  hereinafter  pro- 
vided. 

2.  Be  placed  in  any  but  metallic  or  non- 
combustible cases. 

3.  Be  attached  to  the  outside  walls  of  build- 
ings, unless  separated  therefrom  by  substan- 
tial insulating  supports. 

4.  Be  placed  in  any  other  than  a dry  and 
convenient  location  (which  can  be  secured 
from  opening  into  the  interior  of  the  building 
such  as  a vault)  when  an  underground  service 
is  used. 

5.  Be  placed  without  safety  fuses  at  the 
junction  between  main  and  service  conduct- 
ors and  safety  fuses  in  the  secondary  circuits 
where  they  will  not  be  affected  by  the  heat  of 
the  converter. 


136  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

Primary  Conductors . 

In  those  cases  where  it  may  not  be  possible 
to  exclude  the  transformers  and  primary 
wires  entirely  from  the  building,  the  follow- 
ing precautions  must  be  strictly  observed : 

1.  The  transformer  must  be  located  at  a 
point  as  near  as  possible  to  that  at  which  the 
primary  wires  enter  the  building. 

2.  Between  these  points  the  conductors 
must  be  heavily  insulated  with  a coating  of 
moisture-proof  material,  and,  in  addition, 
must  be  so  covered  and  protected  that  me- 
chanical injury  to  them  or  contact  with  them 
shall  be  practically  impossible. 

3.  The  primary  conductors,  if  within  a 
building,  must  be  furnished  with  a double 
pole  switch,  and  also  with  an  automatic 
double  pole  cut-out  where  the  wires  enter  the 
building,  or  where  they  leave  the  main  line, 
on  the  pole  or  in  the  conduit.  These  switches 
should,  if  possible,  be  inclosed  in  secure  and 
fireproof  boxes  outside  the  building. 

4.  The  primary  conductors,  when  inside  a 
building,  must  be  kept  apart  at  least  10  inches, 
and  at  the  same  distance  from  all  other  con- 
ducting bodies. 

Secondary  Conductors. 

The  conductors  from  the  secondary  coil  of 
the  transformer  to  the  lamps  or  other  trans- 
lating devices  must  be  installed  according  to 
the  rules  for  “ inside  wiring”  for  “ low  poten- 
tial systems.” 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


137 


CLASS  E. — ELECTRIC  RAILWAYS. 

Power  Stations. 

All  rules  pertaining  to  arc  light  wires  and 
stations  shall  apply  (so  far  as  practicable)  to 
street  railway  stations  and  their  conductors. 

Railway  Systems  with  Ground  Return. 

Electric  railway  systems  in  which  the  motor 
cars  are  driven  by  a current  from  a single 
wire,  with  ground  or  floor  return  circuit,  are 
prohibited  except  as  hereinafter  provided : 

1.  When  there  is  no  liability  of  other  con- 
ductors coming  in  contact  with  the  trolley 
wire. 

2.  When  the  location  of  the  generator  is 
such  that  the  ground  circuit  will  not  create 
a fire  hazard  to  the  property. 

3.  When  an  approved  automatic  circuit 
breaker  or  other  device  that  will  immediately 
cut  off  the  current  in  case  the  trolley  wires 
become  grounded  is  introduced  in  each  circuit 
as  it  leaves  the  power  station.  This  device 
must  be  mounted  on  a fireproof  base,  and  be 
in  full  view  of  the  attendant. 

Tr'olley  Wires. 

Trolley  Wires— Must  be: 

1.  No  smaller  than  No.  OB.  & S.  copper,  or 
No.  4 B.  & S.  silicon  bronze,  and  must  readily 
stand  the  strain  put  upon  them  when  in 
use. 


138 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


2.  Well  insulated  from  their  supports,  and 
in  case  of  the  side  or  double  pole  construction, 
the  supports  shall  also  be  insulated  from  the 
poles  immediately  outside  the  trolley  wire. 

3.  Capable  of  being  disconnected  at  the 
power  house,  or  of  being  divided  into  sections, 
so  that  in  case  of  fire  on  the  railway  route  the 
current  may  be  shut  off  from  the  particular 
section  and  not  interfere  with  the  work  of  the 
firemen  in  extinguishing  the  flames.  This  rule 
also  applies  to  feeders. 

4.  Safely  protected  against  contact  with  all 
other  conductors. 

Car  Wiring . 

All  wires  in  cars  must  be  run  out  of  reach 
of  the  passengers,  and  shall  be  insulated 
with  a waterproof  insulation. 

Lighting  and  Railway  Power  Wires. 

Lighting  and  power  wires  must  not  be  per- 
mitted in  the  same  circuit  with  trolley  wires 
with  a ground  return,  except  in  street  railway 
cars,  car  houses,  and  power  stations.  The 
same  dynamo  may  be  used  for  both  purposes, 
provided  the  connection  from  the  dynamo  for 
each  circuit  shall  be  a double-pole  switch  so 
arranged  that  only  one  of  the  circuits  can  be 
in  use  at  the  same  time. 

CLASS  F.— BATTERIES. 

When  current  for  light  and  power  is  taken 
from  primary  or  secondary  batteries,  the 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


139 


same  general  regulations  must  be  observed 
as  apply  to  such  wires  fed  from  dynamo 
generators  developing  the  same  difference  of 
potential. 


CLASS  G. — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1.  The  wiring  in  any  building  must  test  free 
from  “ grounds”  before  the  current  is  turned 
on.  This  test  may  be  made  with  a magneto 
bell  that  will  ring  through  a resistance  of 
20,000  ohms,  where  currents  of  less  than  250 
volts  are  used. 

2.  No  ground  wires  for  lighting  arresters 
may  be  attached  to  gas  pipes  within  the  build- 
ing. 

3.  All  conductors  connecting  with  tele- 
phone, district  messenger,  burglar  alarm, 
watch  clock,  electric  time,  and  other  similar 
instruments  must,  if  in  any  portion  of  then* 
length  they  are  liable  to  become  crossed  with 
circuits  carrying  currents  for  light  or  power, 
be  provided  near  the  point  of  entrance  to  the 
building  with  some  protective  device  which 
will  operate  to  shunt  the  instruments  in  case 
of  a dangerous  rise  of  potential,  and  will  open 
the  circuit  and  arrest  an  abnormal  current 
flow.  Any  conductor  normally  forming  an 
innocuous  circuit  may  become  a source  of  fire 
hazard  if  crossed  with  another  conductor 
through  which  it  may  become  charged  with  a 
relatively  high  pressure. 


140 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


RULES  OF  THE  NATIONAL  BOARD  OF 
FIRE  UNDERWRITERS. 


At  the  24th  Annual  Meeting  of  the  Board, 
held  June  8th,  1890,  the  New  York  Board  rules 
regulating  Electric  Light  Installations  were 
adopted  for  promulgation  to  members. 

Amended  Standard  for  Electric  Equipments, 
Adopted  January  15,  1890,  by  the  New 
York  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters. 

CONDUCTORS. 

Capacity  of  Wires. 

1.  The  conducting  wires  must  be  of  copper, 
and  must  have  a weight  per  running  foot  at 
least  equal  to  that  of  the  wire  (or  parallel 
group  of  wires)  constituting  the  main  circuit 
of  the  magnetic  regulator  of  the  electric  lamps 
(arc  lamps),  or  of  the  armature  of  the  machine 
employed,  whichever  of  these  is  greatest. 

Joints  or  Splices. 

2.  All  joints  in  wires  must  be  so  made  as  to 
secure  perfect  and  durable  contacts,  which 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


141 


shall  always  maintain  a degree  of  conductivity 
at  the  joint  at  least  equalto  that  of  the  wire 
generally. 

3.  The  joint  must  be  so  made  as  in  the  ordi- 
nary “telegraph  splice”  that  it  is  mechani- 
cally secure  against  motion  or  displacement, 
and  must  then  be  further  electrically  con- 
nected by  solder  so  applied  as  to  leave  no  cor- 
rosive or  otherwise  injurious  substance  on  the 
connection.  After  joining  and  soldering,  the 
joint  must  be  covered  with  insulating  mate- 
rial in  such  a way  as  to  make  the  insulation 
of  the  joint  as  good  as  that  of  the  rest  of  the 
line. 

4.  A joint  made  by  the  process  of  electric 
welding  would  be  the  equivalent  of  one  made 
as  indicated  above,  but  no  joint  depending 
upon  solder  for  its  mechanical  integrity  either 
wholly  or  in  part  will  be  allowed. 

Wires  Exterior  to  Buildings. 

5.  Outside  wires  must  be  covered  with  at 
least  two  coatings,  one  of  insulating  material, 
impervious  to  water,  next  to  the  wire,  and  the 
other  of  some  substance  fitted  to  resist  abra- 
sion or  like  mechanical  injury,  and  must  be 
firmly  secured  to  substantial  approved  insu- 
lators, adequately  supported.  All  “tye  wires,” 
or  those  used  to  secure  the  conductors  to  the 
“insulators,”  must  be  themselves  covered  with 
waterproof  insulating  and  mechanically  resist 
ant  material  similar  to  that  used  on  the  con- 
ductors themselves. 


142 


ELECTKIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


G.  Overhead  conducting  wires  must  be  sup- 
ported on  poles  as  far  as  possible,  so  that  they 
can  be  easily  reached  for  inspection,  and 
when  this  cannot  be  done,  and  special  permit 
is  granted  allowing  them  to  be  carried  over  or 
attached  to  buildings,  they  must  be  supported 
at  least  seven  feet  above  the  general  level  of 
the  roof  and  at  least  one  foot  above  the  ridge 
of  “pitched  roofs.” 

7.  Where  wires  approach  buildings  to  enter 
them  they  should  be  so  located  as  not  to  be 
readily  reached  by  the  occupants  of  such 
buildings,  and  in  the  case  of  arc  light  systems 
must  maintain  a minimum  distance  of  ten 
inches,  and  for  incandescent  systems  of  six 
inches,  except  where  the  wires  are  carried  in 
conduits. 

8.  When  these  exterior  electric  light  wires 
are  near  other  conductors  of  any  kind  capa- 
ble of  carrying  off  a part  of  the  current,  if 
contact  should  be  made,  dead-insulated  guard 
irons  must  be  placed  so  as  to  prevent  any  such 
contact  in  case  of  accidents  affecting  the 
wires  or  their  supports. 

9.  Like  precautions  must  be  taken  where 
acute  angles  occur  in  the  line  wires. 

10.  Overhead  wires  from  the  main  circuit 
or  pole  lines  in  the  street  to  the  insulators 
attached  to  the  buildings  which  they  enter, 
must  not  be  less  than  ten  inches  apart  for  arc 
wires,  or  six  inches  for  incandescent  wires 
carrying  currents  of  250  E.  M.  F.  as  a maxi- 
mum. They  must  be  securely  and  rigidly 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  143 

supported  on  “ insulators”  of  glass,  porcelain, 
or  other  approved  material. 

Wires  Entering  Buildings . 

11.  Wherever  electric  light  wires  enter 
buildings  through  their  exterior  walls  the 
wires  must  be  firmly  supported  and  incased  in 
tubes  of  non-conducting  material  not  liable  to 
absorb  moisture  ( e.g .,  porcelain  or  glass)  and  so 
placed  as  to  prevent  the  entiance  of  rain  water 
along  the  wires  ( e . g.,  the  tubes  must  slope 
upward  as  they  pass  inward  through  the  wall). 

12.  Both  the  ingoing  and  return  wires 
should  enter  the  building  at  the  same  location 
and  pass  through  an  approved  manual  “ cut- 
out-box” or  switch,  which  must  be  placed 
where  it  will  be  easy  of  access  to  firemen  and 
the  police. 

High  Potential  Wires  Within  Buildings. 

13.  In  the  interior  of  buildings,  wires  for 
arc  lights,  besides  being  covered  with  an  in- 
sulating covering  such  as  has  been  already 
described,  must  be  in  all  cases  securely  at- 
tached and  supported  by  insulators  which 
shall  keep  them  out  of  contact  with  any  wall, 
partition,  ceiling,  or  floor,  so  as  to  secure  an 
air  space  of  at  least  one-quarter  inch  between 
the  wire  and  any  adjacent  wall,  partition, 
ceiling,  or  floor,  and  wherever  the  wires  cross 
or  come  near  to  any  other  wires,  pipes,  or 


144 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


other  conductors,  the  wires  must  all  be  rigidly 
secured  and  separated  from  each  other  or  any 
other  conductors  by  means  of  some  rigid  non- 
conducting material. 

14.  Arc  wires  of  opposite  polarities  (i.  e.,  the 
incoming  and  outgoing  wires  from  each  lamp 
or  of  each  circuit)  must  be  kept  at  a distance 
not  less  than  eight  inches  from  each  other,  ex- 
cept within  the  structure  of  lamps  or  on 
switchboards,  cut-out  boxes,  or  the  like, 
where  a nearer  approach  is  necessary. 

15.  In  exceptional  cases,  however,  where 
the  wires  are  so  rigidly  secured  and  insulated 
that  contact  or  connection  between  them  is 
quite  impossible,  they  may  be  allowed  to 
approach  much  nearer.  ( E . g . If  each  wire  or 
conductor  is  covered  with  a thick  and  indis- 
placeable  insulation,  which  in  turn  is  covered 
by  a leaden  sheath  or  pipe,  and  then  two  or 
more  such  pipes  are  inclosed  in  an  iron  pipe 
in  such  manner  that  injury  to  the  lead  covered 
cables  is  impossible,  this  would  be  an  allow- 
able substitute  for  the  eight  inches  of  abso- 
lute separation  called  for  in  the  general  rule.) 

16.  Wherever  wires  are  carried  through 
walls,  partitions,  or  floors  within  a building, 
they  must  be  surrounded  by  a special  rigid 
insulating  tube  or  casing  impervious  to  water, 
and  must  be  so  attached  and  supported  as  to 
be  secure  from  abrasion  or  other  mechanical 
injury. 

(Note. — Rubber  tubing  will  not  meet  the 
above  requirement  as  an  insulation.) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


145 


Arc  Lamps . 

17.  The  exterior  frames  and  other  exposed 
parts  of  arc  lamps  must  be  securely  insulated 
from  the  electric  circuit,  and  all  such  lamps 
must  have  glass  globes  surrounding  the  light 
and  inclosed  below,  so  as  to  prevent  the  fall 
of  ignited  particles.  Where  inflammable  mate- 
rials are  placed  below  such  lamps,  the  globe 
must  be  surrounded  by  a wire  netting  capa- 
ble of  keeping  the  parts  of  the  globe  in  place 
if  it  is  fractured  in  use. 

(Note. — Broken  globes  must  be  replaced  as 
soon  as  practicable  by  new  ones.) 

18.  In  show  windows  and  other  places 
where  inflammable  materials  are  displayed, 
and  in  factories  or  wood-working  establish- 
ments where  “flyings”  may  be  present  in  the 
air,  each  lamp  must  be  provided  with  “spark 
arresters.” 

19.  Each  lamp  must  be  provided  with  a 
hand  switch,  and  also  with  an  automatic 
switch  which  shall  shunt  the  current  round 
the  carbons  before  the  arc  between  them 
reaches  a dangerous  length. 

LOW  POTENTIAL  SYSTEMS. 

Direct  Systems . 

20.  In  direct  incandescent  systems,  the  rules 
as  to  the  capacity,  location,  and  arrangement 
of  conductors  are  substantially  the  same  as 


146 


electric  lighting  specification^ 


has  been  already  stated,  with  the  following 
exceptions: 

21.  In  case  the  difference  of  potential  at  the 
positive  and  negative  posts  of  the  dynamo  or 
dynamos  developing  the  current  is  not  more 
than  250  volts,  the  positive  and  negative  wires 
in  aerial  lines  and  elsewhere  which  would 
otherwise  be  required  to  maintain  a minimum 
distance  of  ten  inches,  may  be  brought  to 
within  six  inches  of  each  other.  Also  under- 
ground conductors  may  be  inclosed  both  in 
the  same  tube,  and  if  rigidly  and  securely 
supported,  and  surrounded  by  and  imbedded 
in  a solid  insulating  substance,  may  lie  within 
one-quarter  inch  of  each  other. 

22.  When  underground  service  conductors 
enter  a building  care  must  be  taken  that  they 
are  at  once  separated  to  the  required  distance 
(see  below),  and  are  adequately  and  perma- 
nently insulated  from  each  other  and  from 
the  pipe  in  which  they  were  inclosed,  if  they 
were  inclosed  in  a metallic  pipe  or  conduit. 

23.  They  must  also  be  adequately  protected 
from  mechanical  injury,  and  must  be  so  loca- 
ted that  a cut-out  can  be  safely  and  conven- 
iently located  close  to  the  end  of  the  service 
pipe  or  conduit  by  which  they  are  brought  in. 

Low  Potential  Wires  Within  Buildings . 

24.  In  the  distribution  of  the  conductors 
through  buildings,  “concealed  work,”  such  as 
the  placing  of  wires  under  floors  or  within 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


14? 


partitions,  walls,  or  ceilings,  should  be  avoid- 
ed as  much  as  possible. 

25.  In  perfectly  and  securely  dry  localities 
an  approved  insulated  wire  without  water- 
proof covering  may  be  used,  provided  the 
wires  are  not  concealed  and  are  supported  by 
cleats  or  insulators. 

26.  Wherever  the  wires  are  to  be  in  any  way 
covered  up  they  must  be  coated  with  an  ap- 
proved waterproof  insulation,  or  otherwise 
protected  in  such  manner  as  may  be  from 
time  to  time  aproved  by  the  Committee. 

27.  In  all  cases  of  concealed  work,  the  com- 
pany proposing  to  introduce  the  same  will  be 
required  to  furnish  the  Board  with  a detailed 
diagram  of  the  work,  showing  the  kind  and 
size  of  wire  used  at  the  different  branches, 
with  particulars  as  to  the  insulation  and  in 
what  materials  imbedded,  location  of  cut- 
outs, switches,  etc.  The  diagram  to  be  signed 
and  sworn  to  by  an  officer  of  the  company, 
and  filed  with  the  Board  for  reference. 

28.  If  wires  are  imbedded  in  the  plaster  of 
walls,  ceilings,  or  partitions,  they  must  be 
separated  not  less  than  ten  inches  from  each 
other,  in  addition  to  being  insulated  as  above 
described,  unless  they  are  inclosed  in  ap- 
proved conduits. 

29.  In  buildings  in  course  of  construction, 
terminal  wires  must  be  so  arranged  as  to 
be  secure  from  injury  by  the  plasterers. 

30.  Wires  insulated  as  above  may  be  covered 
by  or  imbedded  in  moldings  in  dry  locations, 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

but  in  breweries,  paper  mills,  dye-houses,  and 
other  like  places  where  they  are  exposed  to 
moisture,  they  must  be  carried  out  of  contact 
with  the  walls,  ceilings,  and  the  like,  on  ap- 
proved “insulators,”  or  in  such  waterproof 
and  insulating  conduits  as  may  be  approved 
by  the  Committee. 


Conduits. 

31.  Conduits  to  be  approved  must  be  con- 
tinuous from  one  junction  box  to  another  or 
to  fixtures,  and  be  of  material  that  will  resist 
the  fusing  of  wire  or  wires  they  contain  with- 
out destroying  or  igniting  the  conduit;  and  if 
not  entirely  imbedded  in  plaster  or  other  non- 
inflammable  material  or  not  inflammable 
themselves,  must  have  an  outer  covering  that 
is  non-inflammable,  and  be  so  placed  that 
they  will  be  protected  from  injury  and  break- 
age; and  all  wires  intended  to  carry  more 
than  five-ampere  currents  shall  be  placed  in 
separate  conduits  unless  a special  permit  is 
issued  for  same;  on  branches  intended  for 
wires  of  five-ampere  currents  and  less,  the 
positive  and  negative  wires,  if  properly  insu- 
lated, may  be  placed  in  the  same  conduit, 
provided  a double  pole  safety  fuse  is  inserted 
at  each  branch  connection. 

Secondary  Systems. 

32.  In  these  systems  where  alternating  cur- 
rents of  high  electromotive  force  are  used  on 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


149 


the  main  lines,  and  secondary  currents  of  low 
electromotive  force  are  developed  in  local 
“converters”  or  “transformers,”  it  is  impor- 
tant that  the  entire  primary  circuit  and  the 
transformers  should  be  excluded  from  any 
insured  building,  and  be  confined  to  the  aerial 
line  (the  transformers  being  attached  to  the 
poles  or  the  exterior  of  the  buildings)  or  to 
underground  conduits,  if  such  are  used,  or 
placed  in  fireproof  vaults  or  exterior  buildings. 

33.  In  those  cases,  however,  where  it  may 
not  be  possible  tc  exclude  the  transformers  and 
entire  primary  from  the  buildings,  the  follow- 
ing precautions  must  be  strictly  observed  : 

34.  The  transformer  must  be  constructed 
with  or  inclosed  in  a fireproof  or  incombus- 
tible case,  and  located  at  a point  as  near  as 
possible  to  that  at  which  the  primary  wires 
enter  the  building.  Between  these  points  the 
conductors  must  be  heavily  insulated  with  a 
coating  of  approved  waterproof  material,  and 
in  addition  must  be  so  covered  in  and  pro- 
tected that  mechanical  injury  to  them,  or 
contact  with  them,  shall  be  practically  impos- 
sible. 

35.  These  primary  conductors,  if  within  a 
building,  must  also  be  furnished  with  a double- 
pole switch,  or  separate  switches  on  the  in- 
going and  return  wires,  and  also  with  auto- 
matic double-pole  cut-out  where  they  enter 
the  building  or  where  they  leave  the  main 
line,  on  the  pole  or  in  the  conduit.  The 
switches  above  referred  to  should,  if  possible, 


150 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


be  inclosed  in  secure  and  fireproof  boxes  out- 
side the  building. 

36.  In  the  case  of  isolated  plants  using  the 
secondary  system,  the  transformers  must  be 
placed  as  near  to  the  dynamos  as  possible, 
and  all  primary  wires  be  protected  in  the 
same  manner  as  is  indicated  in  paragraph  34. 

Insulation. 

37.  Where  there  is  a possible  exposure  to 
water,  the  first  or  second  coating  must  be  im- 
pervious to  the  fluid. 

38.  For  incandescent  lamp  fixtures  and 
electroliers,  exceptions  may  be  made  to  the 
foregoing  rule  in  which  the  wires  can  be 
placed  nearer  than  the  prescribed  distance  to 
each  other,  or  to  other  conductors,  provided 
the  fixture  is  fully  insulated  at  the  base  from 
house  and  ground  piping,  and  further  pro- 
vided that  a double  pole  safety  catch  is  placed 
at  the  base  of  each  fixture,  or  at  the  nearest 
branch  connection  as  may  be  required  by  the 
Inspector  of  the  Board. 

39.  In  all  cases  where  combination  (gas  and 
electric)  fixtures  are  used,  extra  precaution 
must  be  taken  to  secure  complete  and  con- 
tinuous insulation  from  the  gas  piping. 

Insulation  in  General. 

40.  It  is  to  be  understood  as  a general  or 
universal  rule  that  all  machines,  lamps,  wires, 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


151 


and  other  parts  of  electric  systems  are  to  be 
so  constructed,  mounted  and  secured  as  to 
insure  complete  and  continuous  insulation; 
with  such  exceptions  only  as  are  hereinbefore 
stated,  and  that  in  no  case  shall  ground  cir- 
cuits be  employed,  or  any  part  of  the  system 
be  allowed  to  come  in  contact  with  the  earth 
through  gas  or  water  pipes,  or  the  like. 

Automatic  S hunt. 

41.  Wherever  a current  of  such  high  elec- 
tromotive force  is  employed  that  if  concen- 
trated on  one  lamp  or  motor  of  the  series  it 
would  produce  an  arc  capable  of  destroying 
or  fusing  parts  of  such  lamp,  an  automatic 
switch  must  be  introduced  in  each  lamp  or 
motor  by  which  it  will  be  thrown  out  of  cir- 
cuit before  the  arc  approaches  any  such  dan- 
gerous extent. 

42.  Means  by  which  those  in  charge  of  the 
dynamo-electric  machines  will  be  warned  of 
any  excessive  flow  of  current,  or  means 
whereby  the  same  will  be  automatically 
checked,  must  in  all  cases  be  provided. 

Fusible  or  Other  Automatic  Cut-Outs  for 
Low  Potential  Circuits. 

43.  Wherever  a connection  is  made  between 
a larger  and  smaller  conductor  at  the  entrance 
to  or  within  a building,  some  approved  auto- 
matic device  must  be  introduced  into  the  cir- 


152 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


cuit  of  the  smaller  conductor  at  or  close  to  its 
junction,  by  which  it  shall  be  interrupted 
whenever  the  current  passing  is  in  excess  of 
its  safe  carrying  capacity. 

44.  The  safe  carrying  capacity  of  a wire  is 
the  current  which  it  will  convey  without  be- 
coming painfully  warm  when  grasped  for  a 
minute  in  the  closed  hand. 

Cut-Out  Boxes  or  Switches . 

45.  All  cut-out  boxes  or  switches  which 
shift,  transmit,  or  break  a current  must  be 
mounted  on  incombustible  bases,  and  so 
arranged  as  to  close  one  circuit  before  they 
open  another  and  operate  in  such  a manner 
that  no  arc  can  be  formed  between  the  con- 
tact surfaces  when  thrown  “on”  or  “off.”  It 
must  be  so  far  positive  in  its  action  that  it 
cannot  stop  between  its  extreme  positions.  It 
must  indicate  on  inspection  whether  current 
is  “on”  or  “off.”  This  rule  applies  to  isolated 
plants  as  well  as  to  those  connected  with  cen- 
tral stations. 


Motors . 

46.  The  Rules  and  Regulations  under  the 
head  of  Capacity  of  Wires , Insulation , Auto 
malic  Cut-Outs  and  Switches  shall  be  observed, 
where  electric  motors  are  used,  and  in  addi- 
tion the  motor  frames  must  be  property  insu- 
lated, and  so  mounted  as  to  be  free  from 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


153 


grounds,  and  each  motor  shall  be  provided 
with  an  approved  switch  to  prevent  an  exces- 
sive flow  of  current. 

Storage  Batteries . 

47.  When  the  current  for  lights  or  power  is 
taken  from  storage  batteries,  the  same  general 
regulations  are  to  be  observed. 

Meaning  of  Technical  Terms , Etc.,  Etc . 

48.  High  Potential  Circuits  or  Wires. — 
This  term  includes  all  wires  arranged  with 
the  view  of  carrying  currents  of  more  than 
250  volts  difference  of  potential  between  any 
two  parts  of  the  system,  even  if  such  current 
is  used  to  run  incandescent  lamps. 

49.  Low  Potential  Circuits  or  Wires  are 
such  as  do  not  carry  currents  of  more  than 
250  volts. 

50.  Companies  furnishing  electricity  from 
central  stations  must  enter  into  an  agreement 
with  the  New  York  Board  of  Fire  Underwrit- 
ers, binding  themselves  to  test  their  lines  for 
ground  connections  at  least  once  every  day 
(and  preferably  three  times  per  day),  and  to 
report  the  result  of  such  tests  to  the  Board 
weekly. 

51.  The  Rules  and  Regulations  of  the  Board 
of  Electrical  Control  and  all  existing  regula- 
tions of  the  local  authorities  in  reference  to 
the  stringing  of  wires  must  be  strictly  ob- 
served. 


154 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


RULES  AND  REQUIREMENTS  OF  THE 
NEW  ENGLAND  INSURANCE  EX- 
CHANGE FOR  ELECTRIC 
LIGHTING. 


Adopted  September  27,  1890,  and  Superseding 
all  Previous  Rides.  Revised  in  Conjunc- 
tion with  Committee  from  New  England 
E lectric  Exchange. 

GENERAL  REQUIREMENTS. 

A certificate  for  all  new  work  or  changes 
in  old  work  (Form  “C”  for  arc,  form  “ F” 
for  incandescent)  should  be  signed  by  the 
party  installing  or  controlling  any  apparatus. 
The  certificate  should  be  filed  with  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  Local  Board  of  Fire  Underwriters 
having  jurisdiction,  if  there  be  such;  other- 
wise, with  the  Secretary  of  the  New  England 
Insurance  Exchange,  Boston. 

This  certificate  is  relied  upon  as  a guaranty 
until  the  work  can  be  inspected.  Permits  for 
the  use  of  the  light  or  power  may  be  granted 
as  soon  as  the  certificate  is  duly  filed, 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


155 


Blank  certificates  may  be  obtained  by 
application  to  the  Secretary  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Insurance  Exchange,  Boston. 

All  work  should  be  inspected  before  any  of 
it  is  concealed,  and  to  this  end  notice  of  con- 
cealed work  must  be  given  this  Exchange  as 
soon  as  work  is  commenced. 

The  New  England  Insurance  Exchange 
reserves  the  right  at  any  time  to  add  to, 
change,  or  modify  the  accompanying  Buies, 
and  to  enforce  such  modifications,  changes, 
etc.,  as  it  shall  deem  necessary  for  safety; 
and  it  will  use  all  reasonable  efforts  to 
promptly  notify  all  electric  light  companies 
of  any  such  change. 

Any  additional  loading  of  wires,  either  in  a 
building  as  a whole,  or  in  any  department 
thereof,  without  previous  notification  to  the 
Exchange,  such  as  is  required,  shall  be 
deemed  a sufficient  cause  for  the  suspension 
of  any  permit  previously  granted,  until  the 
same  shall  have  been  inspected  and  approved 
by  this  Exchange. 

This  Exchange  reserves  the  right  to  dis- 
approve of  the  use  of  any  wire,  switch,  cut- 
out, or  any  device,  or  form  of  material,  which 
it  may  consider  inconsistent  with  safety  from 
fire  risk,  even  though  it  may  be  proposed  to  in- 
stall the  same  in  conformity  with  these  Rules. 

The  following  Rules  will  be  strictly  en- 
forced, and  in  no  case  will  a certificate  of  in- 
spection be  issued  for  work  which  does  not 
fully  comply  with  the  Rules  in  all  particulars. 


156  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

RULES  FOR  WIRING. 

Outside  Wires. 

1.  Conducting  wires  carried  over  or  attached 
to  buildings  must  be  (a)  at  least  seven  feet 
above  the  highest  point  of  flat  roofs,  and  ( b ) 
one  foot  above  the  ridge  of  pitch  roofs ; (c) 
when  in  proximity  to  other  conductors  likely 
to  divert  any  portion  of  the  current,  they 
must  be  protected  by  guard  irons  or  wires,  or 
a proper  additional  insulation,  as  the  case 
may  require. 

2.  For  entering  buildings,  (a)  wires  with  an 
extra  heavy  waterproof  insulation  must  be 
used,  ( b ) they  must  be  protected  by  drip 
loops,  (c)  also  protected  from  abrasion  by 
awning  frames,  ( d ) be  at  least  six  inches 
apart,  (e)  the  holes  through  which  they  pass 
in  the  outer  wall  of  sach  building  must  be 
bushed  with  a non-inflammable,  waterproof, 
insulating  tube,  and  (/)  should  slant  upward 
toward  the  inside. 

6.  The  inspector  may,  at  his  discretion,  re- 
quire wires  other  than  those  used  for  convey- 
ing current  for  electric  light  or  power  enter- 
ing buildings  to  be  protected  by  some  approved 
automatic  cut-out,  in  any  locality  where  such 
wires  are,  in  his  opinion,  liable  to  come  in 
contact  with  electric  light  or  power  wires. 

4.  Converters,  and  the  primary  wires  lead- 
ing thereto,  (a)  must  not  be  placed  inside  of 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


157 


any  building  (central  stations  excepted);  (b) 
they  may  be  attached  to  the  walls  on  the  out- 
side if  securely  supported  by  substantial 
wooden  cross-pieces  or  cleats. 

5.  Wires  attached  to  buildings  should  be 
(a)  free  of  contact  with  the  building,  and  (b) 
supported  by  rubber  hooks,  glass  insulators, 
or  porcelain  knobs.  (Porcelain  knobs  should 
not  be  used  to  support  high  potential  wires.) 

Inside  Wires.  High  Potential  ( Over  S50 
Volts)  Arc  and  Series  Incandescent. 

6.  Wires  must  enter  and  leave  the  building 
(a)  at  the  same  place,  (b)  through  an  approved 
cut-out  switch,  which  must  be  (c)  mounted  on 
a non-combustible  base  if  attached  to  any 
combustible  substance,  (d)  kept  free  from 
moisture,  and  (e)  easy  of  access  to  firemen 
and  police. 

7.  The  cut-out  switch  must  be  (a)  double 
contact,  ( b ) must  effectually  close  the  main 
circuit  and  cut  off  the  interior,  when  turned 
“ off”  (c)  so  constructed  that  there  shall  be  no 
arc  between  the  points  when  thrown  “on”  or 
“off,”  (d)  automatic  in  its  action  (not  stop- 
ping between  points  when  once  started),  (e) 
and  indicate  upon  inspection  whether  the 
current  be  “on”  or  “off.” 

8.  Wires  (a)  must  be  rigidly  supported  (b) 
on  porcelain,  glass,  or  other  non-combustible 
insulators,  (c)  free  from  contact  with  the 
building,  (d)  have  waterproof  insulation 


158  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

wherever  there  is  a possible  exposure  to 
moisture,  (e)  be  at  least  twelve  inches  apart, 
and  (/)  at  least  three  inches  from  any  other 
substance  capable  of  acting  as  a conductor. 

9.  ( a ) When  wires  pass  through  walls, 
floors,  partitions,  etc.,  (b)  or  wherever  pro- 
tection from  mechanical  injury  is  necessary, 
(c)  they  must  be  protected  by  glass,  hard  rub- 
ber, or  other  moisture-proof,  non-inflammable 
tubing.  ( d ) (Soft  rubber  tubing  will  not  be 
approved.) 

10.  (a)  No  concealed  work  ( b ) or  wires  fas- 
tened with  metallic  staples  will  be  approved. 

11.  In  perfectly  dry  places  wires  (a)  sup- 
ported by  wooden  cleats,  which  ( b ) are  “filled” 
to  prevent  the  absorption  of  moisture,  and  (c) 
have  a backing  so  as  to  separate  the  wire  at 
least  one  fourth  inch  from  the  building,  may 
be  approved  by  the  inspector. 

12.  A wire  (a)  having  a non-inflammable 
insulation,  and  (6)  inclosed  in  a moisture- 
proof  (c)  insulating  conduit  or  tubing  ( d ) suffi- 
ciently strong  to  protect  the  wire  from  me- 
chanical injury,  may  be  used,  in  which  case 
the  tube  may  be  fastened  by  metallic  loops  if 
desired,  and  the  distance  between  wires 
reduced  to  three  inches;  but  (e)  the  entire 
“conduit  system”  must  be  moisture-tight — 
i.  e.,  joints  and  open  ends  must  be  sealed 
with  some  approved  cement. 

13.  The  “series”  incandescent  lamp  must  (a) 
be  provided  with  a proper  hand  switch,  and 
(6)  an  approved  automatic  device  which  will 


Electric  Lighting  Specifications. 


159 


shunt  the  circuit  around  the  carbon  filament 
should  it  break ; (c)  it  must  be  suspended  from 
a hanger  board  by  means  of  a rigid  tube,  and 
(d)  must  not  be  used  in  damp  or  wet  places. 

14.  Any  method  of  distributing  current  to 
incandescent  lamps  on  high  potential  circuits 
other  than  as  above  provided  for  must  receive 
the  approval  of  this  Exchange  before  being 
put  into  use. 

15.  In  arc  lamps  indoors,  (a)  the  light 
must  be  surrounded  by  a globe  with  a closed 
base ; ( b ) the  depth  of  the  globe  must  be  such 
that  the  point  of  contact  between  the  carbons 
when  the  lamp  is  newly  trimmed  shall  not  be 
less  than  three  inches  below  the  upper  edge 
of  the  globe;  and  (c)  the  globe  must  be 
inclosed  by  a wire  netting  where  there  is  any 
material  under  the  lamp  that  could  be  dam- 
aged or  ignited  by  hot  cinders,  or  ( d ) when 
the  lamp  is  an  “all-night”  lamp,  (e)  Where 
exposed  to  flyings,  or  where  any  inflammable 
material  is  suspended  near  the  lamp,  spark 
arresters  must  be  used. 

16.  Hanger  boards  for  arc  or  series  incan- 
descent lamps  must  not  be  used  in  damp  or 
wet  places. 

17.  Each  arc  lamp  must  be  provided  (a) 
with  a proper  hand  switch,  (b)  with  an  auto- 
matic switch  that  will  shunt  the  current 
around  the  carbons  should  they  fail  to  feed 
properly,  and  (c)  with  “stops”  to  prevent  the 
carbons  from  falling  out  in  case  their  clamps 
fail  to  hold  them. 


160  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

18.  The  entire  installation  must  test  free 
from  grounds. 

Low  Potential  {350  Volts  or  Less)  Incandes- 
cent. 

GENERAL  RULES. 

19.  For  inside  work,  no  wire  smaller  than 
No.  14  “B.  &S.,”  or  No.  16,  “ B . W.  G.,”  will  be 
approved. 

20.  Samples  of  wire  to  be  used,  or  in  actual 
use,  must  be  submitted  to  this  Exchange,  for 
tests  of  conductivity  or  of  insulation,  at  any 
time  when  required. 

21.  ( a ) Wires  must  never  be  left  exposed  to 
mechanical  injury,  or  to  disturbance  of  any 
kind.  (6)  Wires  must  not  be  fastened  by 
metallic  staples,  (c)  When  wires  pass  through 
walls,  floors,  partitions,  timbers,  etc.,  glass 
tubing  or  so-called  “floor  insulators,”  or  other 
moisture-proof,  non-inflammable  insulatiug 
tubing  must  be  used,  (d)  At  all  outlets  to 
and  from  cut-outs,  switches,  fixtures,  etc., 
wires  must  be  separated  from  gas  pipes  or 
parts  of  the  building  by  porcelain,  glass,  or 
other  non-inflammable  insulating  tubing  (e), 
and  should  be  left  in  such  a way  as  not  to  be 
disturbed  by  the  plasterers.  (/)  Wires  of 
whatever  insulation  must  not  in  any  case  be 
taped  or  otherwise  fastened  to  gas  piping. 
(g)  If  no  gas  pipes  are  installed  at  the  outlets 
an  approved  substantial  support  must  be  pro- 
vided for  the  fixtures. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS.  161 


22.  In  crossing  any  metal  pipes,  or  any 
other  conductor,  (a)  wires  must  be  separated 
from  the  same  by  an  air  space  of  at  least  one- 
lialf  inch,  where  possible,  and  (b)  be  so 
arranged  that  they  cannot  come  in  contact 
with  each  other  by  accident,  (c)  They  should 
go  over  water  pipes  where  possible. 

23.  Twin  wire  must  not  be  used  except  (a) 
as  allowed  in  “ conduit”  wiring,  (b)  or  for 
u pendants,”  fixture  wiring,  and  “ portables.” 
(c)  An  exception  may  be  made  to  this  rule,  by 
the  inspector,  where  it  is  necessary  to  run  a 
short  distance,  if  the  wire  (cl)  has  a non- 
inflammable  covering,  (e)  is  not  concealed, 
and  (/)  carries  but  a small  current. 

24.  The  safe  carrying  capacity  of  wires 
when  exposed  to  the  air  may  be  taken  from 
the  following  table : 


B.  & S.  Gauge, 
ocoo 

000  

00 

0 .... 
1 .... 
2 .... 

3 .... 

4 .... 

5 .... 

6 .... 

7 .... 

8 .... 

10  .... 
12  .... 
14  .... 

16  .... 


Current  in  Amperes. 

300 

245 

215 

190 

160 

135 

115 

100 

90 

80 

67 

60 

40 

30 

22 

15 


When  wires  are  inclosed  in  molding  or 
otherwise  treated  so  as  to  prevent  cooling  by 
radiation,  the  carrying  capacity  is  reduced 
about  forty  per  cent,  under  such  circum- 
stances, or  when  the  wires  are  installed  where 


162 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


the  temperature  is  unusually  high,  as  in 
boiler  rooms,  dry  rooms,  and  the  like,  wires 
should  be  fused  accordingly. 

25.  (a)  In  rooms  where  inflammable  gases 
may  develop,  or  ( b ) where  the  amosphere  is 
very  damp,  the  incandescent  lamps  should  be 
inclosed  in  vapor-tight  globes,  (c)  Switches 
are  not  permitted  in  places  filled  with  inflam- 
mable gases  (breweries,  distilleries,  etc.),  as 
the  spark  at  make  or  break  might  cause  an 
explosion.  ( d ) Fusible  safety  plugs,  if  neces- 
sary in  such  places,  must  be  inclosed  in  air- 
tight, non-combustible  cases. 

26.  Soft  rubber  tubing  will  not  be  approved 
in  cases  where  these  rules  require  an  addi- 
tional covering  to  the  insulation  of  the  wire. 

27.  The  entire  installation  must  test  free' 
from  grounds. 

WIRING. 

Cleat  - Work. 

28.  (a)  Cleats  made  of  well  filled,  dry,  hard 
wood  may  be  used  to  support  wires  not  con- 
cealed, in  perfectly  dry  places  only.  ( b ) They 
must  be  so  constructed  as  to  separate  wires 
of  opposite  polarity  at  least  two  and  one-half 
inches,  (c)  Wires  must  be  drawn  taut,  and 
cleats  placed  near  enough  together  to  prevent 
the  possibility  of  contact  between  the  wires. 

29.  Except  on  wooden  surfaces  so  filled  as 
to  prevent  the  obsortion  of  moisture,  (a)  the 
wire  must  have  a waterproof  insulation,  or 
( b ) the  cleats  must  have  a backing  that  will 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

separate  the  wire  at  least  one-fourth  inch 
from  the  building1. 


Molding . 

30.  Moldings  must  not  be  used  (a)  in  con- 
cealed work,  nor  ( b ) in  places  where  there  is 
any  probable  exposure  to  moisture. 

31.  (a)  Molding  must  consist  of  two  parts; 
viz.,  a back  piece,  which  shall  separate  tlie 
wire  at  least  one  fourth  inch  from  the  part  of 
the  building  to  which  it  is  fastened,  and  a 
cover,  one  of  which  parts  shall  contain  the 
grooves,  (b)  these  grooves  to  have  between 
them  a septum  or  tongue  of  wood  so  as  to 
separate  the  wires  at  least  one-half  inch, 
(c)  The  molding  must  be  coated  inside  and 
out  with  shellac  or  waterproof  paints,  cr 
treated  in  some  other  manner  so  as  to  prevent 
any  possible  absorption  of  moisture,  (d)  Mold- 
ings with  open  grooves  laid  against  walls  or 
ceilings  will  only  be  approved  when  such 
walls  or  ceilings  are  of  wood  and  so  filled  as 
to  prevent  the  absorption  of  moisture. 

Concealed  Work . 

32.  In  unfinished  lofts,  between  floors  and 
ceilings,  in  partitions,  and  other  concealed 
places,  wires  must  (a)  be  kept  free  of  contact 
with  the  building,  (b)  be  supported  on  glass, 
porcelain,  or  other  non-combustible  insula- 
tors, (c)  have  at  least  one  inch  clear  air  space 
surrounding  them,  (d)  be  at  least  ten  inches 
apart  when  possible,  and  (e)  should  be  run 


164  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

singly  on  separate  timbers  or  studding.  (/) 
When  thus  run  in  perfectly  dry  places  not 
liable  to  be  exposed  to  moisture*  a wire  hav- 
ing simply  a non-combustible  insulation  may 
be  used. 

33.  Wires  run  as  above  (a)  immediately 
under  roofs,  ( b ) in  proximity  to  water  tanks, 
or  pipes,  will  be  considered  as  exposed  to 
moisture ; and  in  such  places  the  insulating 
covering  of  the  wire  must  consist  of  a water- 
proof covering  next  the  wire,  protected  by  an 
external  covering  not  easily  abraded,  and 
that  will  not  support  combustion. 

34.  Wires  must  not  be  fished  (a)  for  any 
great  distance,  and  ( b ) only  in  places  where 
the  inspector  can  satisfy  himself  that  the 
above  rules  have  been  complied  with.  ( e ) Twin 
wires  must  never  be  employed  in  this  class  of 
concealed  work. 

Conduit  Wiring. 

35.  Wires  may  also  be  concealed  by  means 
of  a system  of  insulating  tubes,  or  “conduits,” 
that  are  moisture-proof  and  practically  non- 
inflammable,  and  have  a threaded  joint,  (a)  A 
separate  tube  must  be  provided  for  each  wire, 
except  (b)  in  case  of  taps  or  branches  carry- 
ing a current  that  does  not  exceed  fifteen 
amperes,  in  which  case  a flexible  twin  cable 
may  be  used ; but  (c)  the  two  conductors  of 
this  cable  must  not  be  insulated  from  each 
other  by  a rubber  compound.  A cotton  or 
other  fibrous  covering  should  be  used,  and  (d) 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


165 


the  joints  between  sections  must  be  made 
moisture  proof,  with  some  cement  proper  for 
the  purpose;  i.  e .,  the  whole  system  must 
be  free  from  joints,  cracks,  etc.,  where  it 
would  be  possible  for  moisture  to  enter  the 
tubing. 

36.  These  tubes  may  be  secured  by  metallic 
loops,  and  may  be  laid  side  by  side. 

37.  This  is  the  only  manner  in  which  wires 
may  be  run  imbedded  in  plaster,  cement,  or 
any  similar  material.  Wires  run  on  brick 
walls  or  below  timbers  furred  for  lath  and 
plaster  will  be  consideied  as  imbedded  in 
l laster,  unless  the  furring  strips  are  of  such 
thickness  as  to  prevent  any  contact  between 
the  wire  and  the  clinches  of  plaster. 

Wires  in  Damp  Places . 

38.  In  dye-houses,  paper  and  pulp  mills, 
and  other  buildings  especially  liable  to  moist- 
ure, all  wires,  except  those  used  for  pendants, 
must  (a)  be  separated  at  least  six  inches,  (6) 
be  thoroughly  and  carefully  put  up,  and  (c) 
be  supported  by  glass  or  porcelain  insulators, 
or  by  rubber  hooks. 

39.  Where  it  is  necessary  to  run  the  wires 
down  a side  wall  in  order  to  pass  through  a 
floor,  the  wires  must  (a)  be  supported  from  the 
ceiling  to  the  floor  on  insulators,  ( b ) placed,  if 
necessary,  on  a back-board,  and  (c)  to  protect 
the  wires  from  injury,  they  should  be  boxed 
over  from  the  floor  to  a point  five  or  six  feet 
above. 


1G6 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


40.  Where  exposed  to  acid  fumes,  vapors 
of  ammonia,  etc.,  wires  should  (a)  be  provided 
with  an  insulation,  and  ( b ) supported  on  insu- 
lators that  will  not  be  injured  thereby. 

41.  In  places  covered  by  Rules  38  and  40 
wires  maybe  run  under  rules  for  “conduit” 
wiring,  and  if  to  be  concealed  they  must  be 
so  run,  but  in  either  case  will  be  subject  to 
special  approval  by  the  inspector. 

FITTINGS  AND  APPARATUS. 

Safety  Cut-Outs. 

42.  (a)  Every  portion  of  each  installation 
must  be  equipped  with  safety  cut-outs,  that 
will  interrupt  the  passage  of  a current  in 
excess  of  the  amount  which  that  portion  of 
the  apparatus  is  adequate  to  transmit.  (6) 
Fusible  leads  designed  to  carry  a current  of 
ten  amperes  or  over  must  have  contact  sur- 
face of  some  harder  metal,  (c)  Fusible  leads 
should  be  proportioned  to  ihe  capacity  of  the 
wire  they  are  to  protect,  and  not  to  the  num- 
ber of  amperes  required  to  supply  the  lamps 
on  that  particular  circuit.  ( d ) A cut-out  must 
be  placed  where  the  underground  or  overhead 
service  joins  the  inside  wires,  and  (e)  at  every 
point  where  a change  is  made  in  the  size  of 
the  wire  (unless  the  cut-out  in  the  larger 
wire  is  intended  to  protect  the  smaller).  (/)  A 
cut-out  must  be  provided  for  each  fixture,  and 
(g)  in  concealed  wiring,  for  each  pendant  also ; 
but  (h)  where  the  wires  are  exposed,  one  cut- 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


167 


out  may  be  employed  to  protect  two  or  more 
pendants,  provided  (/)  the  amount  of  current 
they  require  does  not  exceed  seven  amperes. 
(j)  Stiff  brackets  not  attached  to  gas  pipes 
may  be  treated  as  pendants  in  this  connec- 
tion. 

43.  All  cut-out  devices  must  (a)  be  made  of 
non -combustible  ma  terial,  ( b ) be  placed  so  as 
to  protect  both  sides  of  the  circuit,  and  (c)  be 
provided  with  close-fitting  covers. 

44.  When  lights  are  grouped,  as  upon  elec- 
troliers, etc.,  the  small  wires  to  each  light 
cannot  always  have  cut-outs.  Care  should  be 
taken,  however,  that  the  last  controlling  cut- 
out (a)  carries  as  small  an  amount  as  practi- 
cable, and  ( b ) that  it  will  act  before  the  small- 
est wire  runs  any  risk  of  being  unduly  heated. 

i Switches. 

45.  All  switches  must  (a)  be  composed  en- 
tirely of  non-combustible  material,  and  ( b ) be 
automatic  in  action. 

46.  All  switches  must  be  double-pole,  in  cir- 
cuits (a)  connected  to  fixtures  attached  to  gas 
pipes,  or  ( b ) carrying  a current  of  ten  am- 
peres or  over. 

Pendants,  Portables,  Etc. 

47.  (a)  Lamps  may  be  suspended  by  flexible 
cord  pendants  not  less  than  No.  16  B.  & S.  or 
No.  18  B.  W.  G.  (b)  Where  it  enters  the 
lamp  socket,  the  cord  must  be  protected  by  a 
bushing  of  rubber,  wood,  or  some  similar 


1(38 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


I 


insulating  material,  and  (c)  the  cord  must 
be  so  arranged  that  the  weight  of  the  lamp, 
etc.,  shall  not  be  borne  by  the  joints  or  bind- 
ing screws. 

48.  (a)  The  covering  of  the  flexible  cord,  as 
a whole,  shall  be  of  such  a nature  that  it  will 
not  support  combustion,  ( b ) in  damp  places 
the  cord  must  have  a moisture-proof  covering, 
and  (c)  the  opening  at  the  top  of  the  socket 
must  be  closed,  so  as  to  prevent  the  entrance 
of  water.  ( d ) The  flexible  leads  of  portable 
fittings  must  in  all  cases  be  protected  by  cut- 
outs at  their  fixed  points  of  connection. 

Fixtures. 

49.  (a)  Each  fixture  to  which  wires  are  at- 
tached must  be  insulated  from  the  piping  of 
the  building  by  an  insulating  joint.  (b)  Burrs 
and  sharp  edges  must  be  removed  before 
wires  are  drawn  into  a fixture,  (c)  Wires 
attached  to  or  concealed  within  fixtures  must 
have  an  insulating  covering  that  cannot  be 
easily  cut  or  abraded,  and  ( d ) that  is  moisture 
proof ; (e)  where  attached  to  the  outside  of  a 
gas  fixture,  the  conductors  must  be  so  secured 
that  their  covering  will  not  be  cut  or  abraded 
by  the  swaying  of  the  fixture  or  the  move- 
ment of  the  bracket  arm.  (/)  The  difference 
of  potential  between  any  two  wires  connected 
with  a combination  or  gas  fixture  must  not 
exceed  125  volts.  ( g ) No  wire  smaller  than 
No.  16  B.  & S.  or  No.  18  B.  W.  G.  must  be  used 
in  fixture  wiring. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


1G9 


Electric  Gas- Lighting, 

50.  Where  electric  gas-lighting  is  to  be 
used  on  the  same  fixture  with  electric  light, 

(a)  no  part  of  the  gas  piping  or  fixture  shall  be 
in  connection  with  the  gas-lighting  circuit; 

(b)  the  wire  used  for  the  fixture  must  have  a 
non-inflammable  insulation,  or  (c)  if  concealed 
between  the  pipe  and  shell  of  the  fixture 
must  have  an  insulation  such  as  is  required 
for  fixture  wiring  for  the  electric  light ; ( d ) 
the  whole  installation  must  test  free  of 
grounds,  and  (e)  the  two  installations  must 
test  perfectly  free  of  connection  with  each 
other.  (/)  Any  such  installation  will  then 
be  subject  to  special  approval  by  the  inspector. 

Arc  Lights  on  Loir  Potential  Circuits. 

51.  This  system  of  lighting  will  in  general 
be  governed  by  the  foregoing  rules  for  low 
potential  work,  but  (a)  no  wire  smaller  than 
No.  12  B.  & S.  must  be  used;  (6)  there  must 
be  a double  pole  cut-out  at  the  junction  of  the 
branch  with  the  main,  and  (c)  a double  pole 
switch  in  the  branch.  ( d ) The  cut-out,  switch, 
and  resistance  device  must  be  composed  of 
non-inflammable  material,  (e)  The  light 
must  be  protected  by  a globe,  etc.,  the  same 
as  is  required  for  a high  potential  lamp. 

ISOLATED  PLANTS. 

52.  In  isolated  plants,  (a)  the  dynamo, 
regulating  devices,  switchboards,  and  all 
wires  connecting  the  same,  must  be  installed 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


170 


in  conformity  with  the  requirements  for  a 
standard  central  station  (see  53  to  67)  and  (b) 
should  never  be  placed  in  any  room  where 
they  will  be  exposed  to  flyings  of  any  com- 
bustible materials. 

Dynamos . 

53.  (a)  Insulated  on  thoroughly  dry  wood, 

( b ) “filled”  to  prevent  absorption  of  moisture. 

(c)  A waterproof  cover  should  be  provided, 
and  kept  over  each  dynamo  when  not  run- 
ning. 

Wires. 

54.  (a)  Wires  from  dynamos  to  switch- 
board, and  (b)  thence  to  outside  lines  (’bus 
wires,  feeders,  primary  mains,  arc  circuit 
leads  and  returns),  (c)  to  be  wholly  exposed  to 
view,  ( d ) supported  by  glass  or  porcelain  in- 
sulators, and  ( e ) of  sufficient  sectional  area  to 
prevent  heating.  (/)  Where  passing  through 
floors,  partitions,  or  other  wood-work,  ( g ) to  be 
protected  by  substantial  tubes  of  glass  or  porce- 
lain, ( h ) which  shall  project  above  and  below 
floors,  and  beyond  the  surface  of  partitions, 
so  as  to  insure  perfect  insulation,  (i)  Hard 
rubber  tubing  may  be  used  except  where 
passing  through  the  floors  at  or  near  the 
dynamo. 

55.  (a)  Where  leaving  the  building,  the 
wires  to  be  looped  downward,  and  (b)  the  tubes 
in  which  they  are  inclosed  to  be  inclined  so 
as  to  prevent  the  entrance  of  rain  water  along 
the  wires. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


171 


56.  {a)  Wires  of  opposite  polarity  should  be 
separated  at  least  twelve  inches,  (6)  particu- 
larly where  passing  through  floors  and  par- 
titions.— (c)  Conductors  from  ceiling  or  floor 
to  switchboard  may  be  run  at  a less  dis- 
tance than  twelve  inches  from  each  other,  (d) 
but  in  that  case  an  approved  insulation  must 
be  provided. 

57.  If  (a)  conductors  from  dynamos  are  run 
under  floors — ( b ) except  the  space  underneath 
be  a perfectly  dry,  finished  room,  and  (c)  not 
less  than  six  feet  between  floors — (d),  they 
must  be  specially  insulated,  and  will  then  be 
subject  to  approval. 

58.  (a)  Each  feeder  and  primary  main  to  be 
provided  with  a safety  fuse  on  a uon-combus- 
tible  base.  ( b ) All  wire  connections  must  be 
soldered,  if  necessary,  to  secure  good  con- 
tact. 

59.  Branch  wires  for  station  lighting  to  be 
in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  this 
Exchange  for  electric  light  wiring. 

Switchboards. 

60.  (a)  To  be  kept  free  from  moisture,  ( b ) 
located  apart  from  woodwork,  (c)  accessible 
from  all  sides,  (d)  not  inclosed,  and  (e)  with 
all  electrical  devices,  wires  and  connections  in 
plain  sight. — (/)  When  all  wires  and  elec- 
trical devices  are  on  the  front  ihe  switch- 
board may  be  set  against  a brick  wall,  ( g ) but 
must  be  detached  from  any  woodwork. — 
(h)  The  switchboard  should  be  constructed 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS, 


either  of  slate  or  some  other  non-combustible 
insulating  substance,  or  (i)  so-called  “Skele- 
ton.” 

61.  (a)  All  switches  and  wires  on  the  switch- 
board must  have  ample  capacity  and  ( b ) con- 
tact to  carry  their  possible  maximum  load 
without  heating. 

Lightning  Arresters. 

62.  (a)  To  be  located  in  sight  of  attendants, 
and  ( b ) so  placed  and  constructed  that  an  arc 
if  formed  will  not  come  in  contact  with  wood- 
work or  other  combustible  material,  (c)  Light- 
ning arresters  should  be  so  designed  as  to 
automatically  destroy  any  arc  which  may  be 
formed  by  a lightning  discharge  or  other- 
wise. 


Equalizers. 

63.  (a)  Frames  to  be  constructed  of  non- 
combustible  material.  ( b ) To  be  open  and 
accessible  from  all  sides,  (c)  supported  at  least 
twelve  inches  from  all  woodwork,  ( d ) and 
located  so  as  to  be  in  sight  of  dynamo  attend- 
ants. 

64.  (a)  All  resistance  devices  to  be  so  de- 
signed as  to  heat  but  slightly  when  in  use, 
and  ( b ) connected  so  as  not  to  be  liable  from  a 
short  circuit  or  other  cause  to  an  overcharge 
of  current;  (c)  otherwise  they  must  be  in- 
closed in  non-combustible  cases  and  ( d ) kept 
away  from  any  woodwork. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


173 


Care  and  Attendance . 

65.  A competent  man  must  be  kept  con- 
stantly in  the  dynamo  room  while  the  dyna- 
mos are  running. 

66.  (a)  Oil  must  not  be  allowed  to  accumu- 
late on  the  floor,  and  (b)  all  oily  waste  must  be 
kept  in  standard  metal  waste-cans,  or  (c)  re- 
moved from  the  station  daily  after  the  dyna- 
mos are  stopped  and  cleaned. 

67.  Arc  lamps  must  always  be  provided 
with  perfect  globes. 

MOTORS. 

68.  Motors  must  (a)  be  placed  as  near  as 
possible  to  the  point  where  wires  enter  the 
building,  ( b ) be  mounted  on  filled  dry  wood, 
(c)  be  raised  at  least  eight  inches  above  the 
surrounding  floor,  (d)  be  kept  clean,  and  (e) 
covered  with  a waterproof  cover  when  not  in 
use,  and  (/)  if  deemed  necessary  by  the  in- 
spector, be  inclosed  in  an  approved  case. 

69.  Standard  metal  waste-cans,  with  a self- 
closing cover  and  legs  raising  the  can  at  least 
three  inches  from  the  floor,  must  be  provided 
for  oily  waste. 

Sivitches , Regulators , and  Cut-Outs. 

70.  (a)  The  controlling  switches  must  be 
so  constructed  as  to  entirely  disconnect  the 
motor  from  the  circuit,  and  (b)  a cut-out  such 
as  is  required  for  a similar  lighting  circuit 
must  be  placed  as  near  as  possible  to  the  point 
where  the  wires  enter  the  building. 


174  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 

71.  All  switches,  regulators,  cut-outs,  etc., 
must  (a)  be  as  nearly  non-combustible  as  pos- 
sible, ( b ) be  protected  from  moisture,  (c)  have 
a backing  of  porcelain,  slate,  cement,  asbes- 
tos, or  other  equally  non-combustible  sub- 
stance, and  (d)  be  perfectly  insulated. 

Wiring. 

72.  (a)  Wire  having  a waterproof  insulation 
must  be  used.  ( b ) The  wire  must  be  rigidly 
supported  (c)  on  porcelain,  glass,  or  oilier  non- 
combustible  insulators,  free  from  contact  with 
the  building,  and  ( d ) at  least  six  inches  apart. 
( e ) No  concealed  work,  (/)  cleat-work,  or  ( g ) 
wires  fastened  with  metallic  staples  will  be 
approved. 

73.  (a)  When  wires  pass  through  walls, 
floors,  partitions,  etc.,  or  (b)  wherever  protec- 
tion from  mechanical  injury  is  necessary,  (c) 
they  must  be  protected  by  glass,  hard  rubber, 
or  other  moisture-proof,  non-inflammable 
tubing,  (cl)  Soft  rubber  tubing  will  not  be  ap- 
proved. 

74.  These  rules  are  not  intended  to  preclude 
the  running  of  small  motors  for  fans  and  the 
like  on  low  potential  lighting  circuits,  the 
installation  of  which  has  received  the  ap- 
proval of  the  inspector. 

75.  The  entire  installation  must  test  free 
from  grounds;  but  motors  run  on  a “ground 
circuit”  may  be  approved  by  the  inspector, 
under  these  rules,  provided  the  return 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


175 


wire  is  carried  to  a ground  outside  of  the 
building. 

LIGHTING  FROM  GROUND  RETURN  POWER 
CIRCUITS. 

76.  Electric  railway  power  stations  and 
their  car  sheds  may  be  lighted  by  incan- 
descent lamps  connected  with  their  power 
wires,  if  the  installation  of  the  wires  meets 
with  the  approval  of  the  Inspector,  but  no 
other  property  may  be  so  lighted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

77.  Splices,  in  both  arc  and  incandescent 
circuit  wires,  must  be  made  so  that  a per- 
fectly secure  and  unvarying  connection  fully 
equal  to  the  cross-section  of  the  wire  will  be 
secured.  The  splice  must  be  soldered,  but 
solder  must  never  be  employed  to  complete  a 
joint  that  would  be  loose  or  insecure  without 
it  Either  resin  or  an  acid  solution  may  be 
used  as  a flux;  both  are  objectionable  if  not 
carefully  applied. 

78.  Architects  are  urged  to  familiarize 
themselves  with  these  rrles,  and  to  see  that 
all  contracts  are  made  subject  to  the  work 
being  done  in  accordance  therewith,  and  also 
to  see  that  it  is  so  done.  The  New  England 
Insurance  Exchange  will  gladly  aid  them  to 
this  end  by  giving  information,  advice,  or 
inspection  to  as  great  an  extent  as  possible. 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING  SPECIFICATIONS. 


79.  A great  danger  in  all  installations  is 
from  poor  contacts ; consequently  avoid  screw 
joints  as  much  as  possible;  screw  them  up 
tight  with  good  areas  of  contact;  on  no 
account  allow  them  out  of  sight.  Solder  every 
connection  as  far  as  practicable. 

80.  When  an  electrical  fire  breaks  out,  turn 
off  the  current  at  the  nearest  switch,  or  sever 
the  conductors  one  at  a time  ; then  use  your 
appliances.  The  injudicious  use  of  water  with 
out  these  precautions  may  only  increase  the 
extent  of  the  fire.  In  severing  conductors  of 
high  electromotive  force,  be  careful  that  you 
stand  on  a good  insulator,  such  as  dry  wood, 
and  that  the  handle  of  your  hatchet  is  dry,  or 
personal  injury  may  result. 

DEFECTIVE  APPARATUS. 

81.  The  electric  inspector  of  this  Ex- 
change shall  report  to  its  Secretary  such 
electrical  apparatus  as  he  finds  is  not  installed 
in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  this  Ex- 
change. 

82.  The  Secretary  shall  at  once  notify  both 
the  assured  and  the  party  installing  the  appa- 
ratus of  all  defects ; and  if  at  the  expiration 
of  thirty  days  from  such  notice  he  shall  not 
have  been  duly  notified  that  said  defects  have 
been  remedied,  the  rate  on  both  building  and 
contents  shall  be  advanced  at  least  10  cents, 
and  the  new  rate  duly  promulgated  by  him. 


